Urbanisation: Natural Increase & Push/Pull Factors | AQA GCSE 9-1 Geography

What is urbanisation? Why are urban areas growing? What is natural increase? What are push and pull factors?

This is the fifty-first video for the AQA GCSE 9-1 Geography course, and the first video of the Urban Issues & Challenges topic.

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Video Script:
Urbanisation is the process by which an increasing proportion of the population is coming to live in towns and cities. Over half of the world’s population now lives in urban areas and this proportion is much higher in developed countries, such as the UK where over 80% of people live in towns and cities. Low-income countries (LICs) and newly-emerging economies (NEEs) are less urbanised however it is these countries that are experiencing the fastest rates of urbanisation. This increasing rate of urbanisation has also resulted in the growth of many megacities: these are cities that have a population of over 10 million people. According to the UN, there were 33 megacities in 2018 - the largest being Tokyo in Japan with 37 million residents.

So why are urban areas growing so quickly?

There are two main causes of urban growth: natural increase and migration.

Natural increase is where the birth rate is higher than the death rate, meaning the population naturally goes up. This is higher in lower income countries (LICs) for several reasons. Infant mortality has traditionally been high in these countries so families will often have many children in the hope that some of them will survive to adulthood. A lower life expectancy means people start having children younger and they will often have more children to allow the families to earn more money. Finally, there is a lack of contraception in LICs.

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. Rural-urban migration is where people move from the countryside to towns and cities and this is common in LICs. This movement happens due to push and pull factors.

Push factors push people away from where they live whereas pull factors pull people towards a new place. So with rural-urban migration, push factors are the negatives of rural areas and pull factors are the positives of towns and cities.

The following are push factors that can make people want to leave the countryside.
There are fewer job opportunities and wages are lower.
Low crop yields or crop failure can harm farmers’ livelihoods and may leave them without enough food to eat.
Health and education services are less available and lower quality.
Climate change and natural disasters can force people out of areas
Human conflict such as a civil war can similarly force people to move.

Pull factors that make people want to move to cities include:
More employment opportunities with higher wages.
Better living conditions with better health and education services.
Lower risk from natural hazards.
A promise of freedom from persecution.
More stable governance.

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GCSE Geography
28/05/2023
Keducate

Видео Urbanisation: Natural Increase & Push/Pull Factors | AQA GCSE 9-1 Geography канала Keducate