Pharyngeal arches and their derivatives

This is a brief summary of the pharyngeal arches present during human embryonic development and their skeletal, muscular, and arterial derivatives.

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ADDITIONAL TAGS
Pharyngeal
Arches
Arch 1
Arch 2
Arch 3
Arch 4
Arch 6
Pharyngeal arches, their skeletal, muscular, and arterial derivatives

Arch 1 - “mandibular arch”
Innervated by V3 of the trigeminal nerve (CN5)
Skeletal derivatives are in two subdivisions:
Maxillary process (upper jaw)
Maxilla, zygomatic bone, squamous part of temporal bone
Maxillary processes fuse with medial nasal process to form upper lip and jaw. Abnormalities here causes
Cleft lip - anterior to incisive foramen
Cleft palate - posterior to incisive foramen
Mandibular process (lower jaw) derived from Meckel cartilage
Mandible, sphenomandibular ligament, incus, malleus
Mandibular process fuses in midline to form lower jaw
Muscle derivatives
Muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, medial/lateral pterygoid), mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani
Aortic arch 1 becomes part of the maxillary artery
Arch 1
Arch 2
Arch 3
Arch 4
Arch 6
Bilateral complete lip and palate
Unilateral complete lip and palate
Incomplete cleft palate
Arch 2 - “hyoid arch”
Innervated by the facial nerve (CN7)
Skeletal derivatives derived from Reichert cartilage
Parts of hyoid bone (lesser horns and upper body), styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, stapes
Muscle derivatives
Muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius
Aortic arch from arch 2 becomes the stapedial artery
By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See "Book" section below)Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 979, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
Arch 1
Arch 2
Arch 3
Arch 4
Arch 6
Bilateral complete lip and palate
Unilateral complete lip and palate
Incomplete cleft palate
Arch 3
Innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN9)
Skeletal derivative: body and greater horn of the hyoid bone
Muscle derivative: the stylopharyngeus
Aortic arch 3 becomes common carotid and part of internal carotid
Arch 4
Innervated by the vagus nerve (CN10)
Skeletal derivative: thyroid cartilage
Muscle derivative: cricothyroid, pharyngeal constrictor, levator veli palatini
Right aortic arch 4 becomes subclavian and left becomes arch of aorta
Arch 6
Innervated by the vagus nerve (CN10)
Skeletal derivative: cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate, & cuneiform cartilages
Muscle derivative: all laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid
Aortic arch 6 becomes pulmonary arteries

Arch 1
Arch 2
Arch 3
Arch 4
Arch 6
Bilateral complete lip and palate
Unilateral complete lip and palate
Incomplete cleft palate
Arch 1
Arch 2
Arch 3
Arch 4
Arch 6
arch
alt name
subdivision
innervation
derivatives
skeletal
muscular
aortic
1
mandibular arch
maxillary process
V3 of trigeminal nerve (CN5)
maxilla, zygomatic bone, squamous part of temporal bone
muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, medial/lateral pterygoid), mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani
part of the maxillary artery
mandibular process
mandible, sphenomandibular ligament, incus, malleus
2
hyoid arch
facial nerve (CN7)
Parts of hyoid bone (lesser horns and upper body), styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, stapes
muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius
stapedial artery
3
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN9)
body and greater horn of the hyoid bone
stylopharyngeus
common carotid and part of internal carotid
4
vagus nerve (CN10)
thyroid cartilage
cricothyroid, pharyngeal constrictor, levator veli palatini
left → aortic arch; right → subclavian
6
vagus nerve (CN10)
cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate, & cuneiform cartilages
all laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid
pulmonary arteries
Summary
Bilateral complete lip and palate
Unilateral complete lip and palate
Incomplete cleft palate

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