How to Analyze The Statute of Frauds on a Contracts Essay

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How to Analyze The Statute of Frauds on a Contracts Essay

STATUTE OF FRAUDS

A contract is unenforceable if the contract: (1) triggers the statute of frauds; and (2) fails to satisfy the statute of frauds.

CONTRACTS THAT TRIGGER THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS

The following contracts trigger the statute of frauds ("MSOUR" is a commonly used acronym):

(M) Marriage

A contract made in consideration of marriage triggers the statute of frauds.

(S) Suretyship

A suretyship contract generally triggers the statute of frauds. A suretyship contract is a three-party agreement where the surety promises an obligee to pay the principal's debt if the principal fails to pay the obligee.

However, If the surety's main purpose in agreeing to pay the principal's debt is for the surety's own economic advantage, then the statute of frauds is NOT triggered.

(O) One-Year Provision

A contract that by its terms cannot be performed within one year from the day after its formation triggers the statute of frauds.

The one-year provision is interpreted very narrowly – there must be no possible way that the contract could be performed within one year (e.g., A hires B to teach him contract law for the rest of his life. Since A could die tomorrow, the statute of frauds is not triggered under the one-year provision.).

(U) UCC Goods Contracts for $500 or More

A contract for the purchase or sale of goods for a price of $500 or more triggers the statute of frauds.

(R) Real Estate Contracts

A contract for the transfer or receipt of an interest in real property triggers the statute of frauds.

SATISFACTION OF THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS

Once it is determined that the statute of frauds is triggered, the next issue is whether the statute of frauds has been satisfied. There are two main ways to satisfy the statute of frauds: (1) with a signed writing; (2) and by performance.

SATISFACTION BY A WRITING

A writing that is signed by the party against whom enforcement is sought will satisfy the statute of frauds if the writing contains the essential terms of the deal.

Under the common law, the essential terms include: parties, subject matter, quantity, and price. Under the UCC, the essential terms include: parties, subject matter, and quantity.

SATISFACTION BY PERFORMANCE

Performance of oral agreements can satisfy the statute of frauds under the following circumstances.

Common Law Services Contracts

Under the common law, FULL performance of a services contract by either side satisfies the statute of frauds. Part performance does NOT satisfy the statute of frauds.

UCC Goods Contracts

Under the UCC, part performance of a goods contract can satisfy the statute of frauds BUT ONLY for the quantity of goods that are delivered and accepted.

However, there is an exception for custom-made goods. Making a substantial beginning toward the manufacture of custom-made goods will satisfy the statute of frauds if: (1) the goods are specially manufactured for the buyer; and (2) are not suitable for sale to others in the ordinary course of the seller's business. (UCC § 2-201(3)(a)).

Real Estate Contracts

In most jurisdictions, performance of a real estate contract can satisfy the statute of frauds if any two of the following three are met: (1) the buyer takes possession; (2) the buyer makes payment in full or part; AND/OR (3) the buyer makes substantial improvements or repairs to the land.


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