Causes of Haematuria | Investigations | Types, Pathophysiology | Surgery Lecture

Haematuria can be described as the appearance of blood in urine. In this general surgery video, we will learn how haematuria history takes place and about haematuria's differential diagnosis.

Blood can appear in the urine from pathology at any site in the urinary tract. Even small quantities of blood can produce a significant pink or red coloration in the urine. The small amount of blood found occasionally in urine from patients with glomerulonephritis can make it ‘smoky’ in appearance.

▬ 📌 Types of Haematuria ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
There are two types of Haematuria

👉 Macroscopic Haematuria
This can be seen with the naked eye and may occur as painless macroscopic haematuria. Macroscopic haematuria causes include malignancy, and it may require detailed investigation. Gross hematuria differential diagnosis is sometimes with menstruation, increased sexual activity, and vigorous exercise.

👉 Microscopic Haematuria
Can be observed under a microscope. Microscopic hematuria differential diagnosis mainly includes ingestion of beetroot or consumption of rifampicin.

▬ 📌 Pathophysiology of Hematuria ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
Red blood cells (RBCs) may enter urine from anywhere along the urinary tract from the kidneys, collecting system and ureters, prostate, bladder, and urethra. In females, normal or abnormal uterine bleeding may be misdiagnosed as hematuria. Etiology of hematuria an issue in the urinary tract e.g.,
🟠 Renal diseases (Related to kidney)
🟠 Ureter
🟠 Bladder
🟠 Urethra

Any problem in these areas can head towards haematuria. Watch our video and learn about these causes now!

▬ 📌 Terminal Haematuria Causes ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
Terminal haematuria is defined as the passage of clear urine with blood or blood-stained urine right at the end of the urine stream. Terminal Hematuria causes problems of the bladder and urethra. Idiopathic hematuria is a term used for haematuria that is caused without any specified cause.

Terminal hematuria differential diagnoses include menstruation, sexual activity, and vigorous exercise just like a gross hematuria differential diagnosis.

▬ 📌 Haematuria Investigations ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
Investigations may include:
▪️ History taking
▪️ Microscopy
▪️ CT scan
▪️ MRI
▪️ Ultrasonography
▪️ Chest-Xray
▪️ Urography
▪️ Cystoscopy
▪️ Renal Biopsy

So that was all!

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