Freud and Jung | Expedition to America (1909)

The Historic Expedition to America (1909)
FREUD arrived in New York Harbor by steamship on Aug. 29, 1909, accompanied by two of his disciples, Carl Jung and Sandor Ferenczi. Although the exact details of the invitations are irretrievable, even to Mr. Rosenzweig, we do know that Hall invited Freud twice before he accepted, that Freud himself asked Ferenczi to join him, and that Hall invited Jung only after he had already invited Freud -- not simultaneously, as Jung maintained in his autobiography, "Memories, Dreams, Reflections" (1963). While the weeklong event at Clark did not focus on psychology alone (there were 27 other guest speakers and degree recipients besides Freud and Jung, including two Nobel laureates, the physicists A. A. Michelson and Ernest Rutherford), Mr. Rosenzweig says that "Freud was to Hall the leading light of the celebration."

Beneath the manifest camaraderie, however, an unconscious storm between Freud and Jung was gathering. With a candor refreshing in psychoanalytic studies, Mr. Rosenzweig shows that even in 1909, when their mutual opportunism kept them friendly, the differences that would drive the two men apart by 1913 were already emerging.

In 1906, three years before the Clark visit, Freud, who was then often lampooned as a Jew bent on corrupting Aryan ideals, welcomed Jung's eager and appreciative response to his theories. Indeed, he prized the pastor's son from Zurich as his potential successor -- his "crown prince," as he began to call him in 1909 -- largely because Jung was not Jewish.

But if Freud "overvalued Jung's non-Jewishness," so did Jung. Although Jung's "Aryan sympathies during the Hitler regime" are well known, Mr. Rosenzweig demonstrates just how early what he calls Jung's "Aryan bias" really was, and how central it turned out to be in his thinking. In a stunning set piece, he also shows that the rise and fall of Freud and Jung's friendship, from 1906 to 1913, roughly coincided with the years of Adolf Hitler's residence in Vienna; he also compares prose passages from Hitler and Jung, with provocative success.

The book's key dramatic moment is the walk Freud and Jung took in Central Park on Aug. 30, 1909, the day after they landed in New York and a few days before they set off for Worcester. Freud reported to his wife that they had observed the city's ethnic mix, including signs in the park in German, Italian and Yiddish as well as English. But Jung reported to his wife that they had talked about "Jews and Aryans," and how "one of my dreams clearly pointed up the difference." Jung's Aryan bias, his love of the occult and his belief that the unconscious was a spiritual rather than a sexual or social realm all put him at odds with Freud's fierce secularity and historicism. So did Jung's constitutional inability to play the role of follower.
ALTHOUGH much of the drama of Freud's visit to America seems to have taken place outside the conference, Freud's lectures -- delivered, more or less extemporaneously, in German -- were a delightful performance. The Boston press covered them; Emma Goldman attended them. Hall described them as "masterpieces of simplification, directness and comprehensiveness."
https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/24/books/freudian-trip.html

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