Why Firearms Took the Place of Bow and Arrow - The Rise of the Handgunner in Europe

In the late medieval and the early modern period, a new weapon changed the armament of European armies drastically and lastingly. The handgun made its appearance. Although the earliest firearms were rather ineffective, military artisans were fascinated by them. As time passed and technical improvement justified using the handgun on the battlefield, handgunners quickly overhauled and almost completely replaced archers and crossbowmen. This is how historiography explains the rise of the handgunner.

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Bibliography:
Primary Sources:
Garrard, W. The Arte of Warre, London, 1591.
Barret, R. The Theoretike and Practicke of Moderne Warres. London, 1598.
Digges, L. and T. An arithmeticall warlike treatise named Stratioticos. London, 1579, 1590. (Unless otherwise noted, citations are to the 1590 edn.)
Smythe, J. Certain Discourses. London, 1590.
Gheyn J. de. Wapenhandelinghe van roers, musquetten ende spiessen. The Hague, 1607.

Secondary Literature:
Kalaus, P., Schiessversuche mit historischen Feuerwaffen, in: Von alten Handfeuerwaffen, Graz 1989.
Rogers, Clifford J., Tactics and the Face of Battle, in: Tallet, Frank/Trim, D. J. B. (Ed.), European Warfare 1350-1750, Cambridge 2010.
Strickland, M., and R. Hardy. The Great Warbow: From Hastings to the Mary Rose. Stroud, 2005.
Kalaus, P., Schiessversuche mit historischen Feuerwaffen, in: Von alten Handfeuerwaffen, Graz 1989.

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