Explain Construction and Working of Single Beam Spectrophotometer. | Spectroscopy | Analytical

Spectrophotometers are the instruments which are working at a wavelength where the absorbance is maximum. Such wavelength of the radiations whose absorbance is maximum is called λmax.
With the help of spectrophotometers we can have qualitative as well as quantitative analysis of any type of sample it may be solid, liquid or gas. It may be colored or colourless. The spectrophotometers are of two types; (i) Single Beam Spectrophotometers, and (ii) Double Beam Spectrophotometers.
The following are the main components of a Single Beam Spectrophotometers:
1. Source of radiations: It may be U.V-light, visible light or I.R. light. U.V. Light can be obtained by heating the filament which is filled with either H2 gas or deuterium. Visible Radiations can be obtained by incandescent lamp with tungsten filament and I.R. Radiations can be obtained by heating Newton's glower at the temp. of 1500-2000 oC. Newton's glower is metallic oxide of Yettrium, Erbium and Zirconium. I.R. radiations can also be obtained by heating glow bar which is Silicon carbide SiC (Carborandum) at the temp. of 1300-1700 oC.
2. Collimating Convex Lens: The function is to collect all the rays coming from the source.
3. Diaphragm: To set the 100% transmittance.
4. Monochromators: To obtain the radiation of one wavelength. The Monochromators may be prism or diffraction gratings.
5. Cuvette or Sample Holder: For U.V. light it should be made up of quartz, for visible light it should be made up of glass and for I.R. light it must be that of rock salts for eg. NaCl. a) If the sample is gas or volatile liquid having low B.P. must be taken in the closed container. b) If it is liquid, one drop of the liquid must be placed between two parallel plates for U-V. the plates must be quartz and for visible it must be glass and for I.R. it is rock salt. c) If it is solutions the solvent used for the preparation of solution must be Cyclohexane, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol or any other suitable solvent which is not capable to absorb the radiations incident on it. d) If it is solids then we take about 1mg. of it and is mixed in 100-200 mg. of KBr - prepare slurry. It is cut into smaller circular discs (just like bindle) called pellets. They are dried and placed in the place of cuvette. The diameter of pellets is 10mm. and thickness is 1mm.
6. The Focusing Convex Lens: Its function is to collect all the transmitted light from cuvette and is focused at a point where photo cathode of the photo-cell is placed.
7. Photo-Cell: The transmitted light is incident on it photo cathode converts these radiations into current. It can be amplified using the amplifier if needed.
8. Read out meter or dial: The current is converted into OD or Absorbance in read out meter and by knowing OD we can find out the concentration of the solution i.e. quantitative analysis is possible by applying Beer Lamberts Law.

First of all the source of radiations from U.V. light to visible light to I.R. radiations is started. The light from the source is collected by Collimating convex lens and allowed to fall on monochromator. For each radiations incident on monochromator we are getting the radiations of one wave length only i.e. λ, This monochromatic light is passed over the sample kept in cuvette where some part of radiation is absorbed and remaining is transmitted which passes through focusing lens and falls on Photocell. Photocell converts this radiation to the current and OD or Absorbance. Value of the wavelength where the absorbance is maximum is known as λ max which is characteristic property of the compound and gives the qualitative analysis of sample. While knowing the value of absorbance we can find out the concentration of solution using beer lambert's relation. Thus quantitative analysis is possible.

Solid State - Physical Chemistry
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pz-yaCYkHZI&list=PL9AUXQTZw3SuoPwu8UFZq4zXiPEC-So6i

Gaseous State - Physical Chemistry
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bvp0d8qZCpE&list=PL9AUXQTZw3Ssp6Ne6_XbBu8TLuO7qEd4L

Colloidal States - Physical Chemistry
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjeFUF-fNLQ&list=PL9AUXQTZw3SszL0qFEw1jciS3QIXZB4aZ

Stereochemistry - Organic Chemistry
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Nanomaterials - Engineering Chemistry
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDVwEf2PgRI&list=PL9AUXQTZw3SsYzEUlxhIzmVCvRcyCy9fh

Water and Its Treatment - Engineering Chemistry
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Electrochemistry - Engineering Chemistry
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oleTF2Qw-gg&list=PL9AUXQTZw3SuETg2vcx6uEYKFwBVJtEot

Environmental Studies
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-jm3JOcUwdQ&list=PL9AUXQTZw3SvK27T5RCYJoP_NpndyuEs2

Optics - Applied Physics
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