Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy | Introduction & instrumentation

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Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a commonly used technique for the determination of single elements in compounds. As the name suggests, the particles must be atomized in order to perform analysis. After the compound has been atomized (usually by a flame), a radiation source produces waves that pass through the substance and are received by a detector. The most common light sources are hollow cathode lamps, and the most common detectors are photomultiplier tubes.
The technique makes use of the atomic absorption spectrum of a sample in order to assess the concentration of specific analytes within it. It requires standards with known analyte content to establish the relation between the measured absorbance and the analyte concentration and relies therefore on the Beer-Lambert Law.

In short, the electrons of the atoms in the atomizer can be promoted to higher orbitals (excited state) for a short period of time (nanoseconds) by absorbing a defined quantity of energy (radiation of a given wavelength). This amount of energy, i.e., wavelength, is specific to a particular electron transition in a particular element. In general, each wavelength corresponds to only one element, and the width of an absorption line is only of the order of a few picometers (pm), which gives the technique its elemental selectivity. The radiation flux without a sample and with a sample in the atomizer is measured using a detector, and the ratio between the two values (the absorbance) is converted to analyte concentration or mass using the Beer-Lambert Law.

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