Japan on the offensive: The Japanese Invasion of Manchuria

The Japanese invasion of Manchuria, was one of the pre-cursors to the start of WW2. Japan had modernized, and sought to expand its territorial might by any means necessary. For this, they aimed to their main rival in the area, China, and used their strength to tear the nation apart once again.

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Japanese territorial ambitions in China, had been a national directive dating back many centuries, but it wasn't until the late 19th century, that Japan managed to finally get a major foothold on the continent. The 1895 Sino-Japanese war, was a humiliating defeat for Qing China, as the no longer isolated, and now modernized Japanese forces, defeated the larger Qing armies, and managed to acquire a number of territories off of them. Including the island of Taiwan, and it shifted Korea into the Japanese sphere of influence. In 1904, The Russo-Japanese war broke out, which resulted in Japan making even more territorial gains and humiliating the Russians in the process. Korea was vassalized in 1905, and annexed as an imperial territory in 1910. Accomplishing a centuries long goal of the Japanese nation. Following WW1, islands in the Pacific that the Germans held, were granted to the nation as well, however, disagreement during the actual treaty process, and many of the arms/naval treaties years after. Put a strain on relations between the West and Japan. Japan had also attempted to assert heavy influence in the Russian far-east during the nations civil war/revolution, sending over 70,000 troops into the area surrounding Vladivostok, over five times what the Western allies had put forth in the region. This attempt was to get a puppet government, headed by White Russian forces, to serve Japanese interests and allow the island nation to use the resource rich region for their own gain. However, the White Russian movement fell apart in the early 20's, and political differences back at home as well as pressure from the western powers, prevent Japan from annexing the territory for itself. This alone, destroyed the unity that the government had during WW1, and the military government and civilian government would be locked in bitter competition for years after.

By 1930, the civilian government had largely lost its control over the military, who now acted with heavy degrees of autonomy. This loss of control had been on-going ever since the 1880's, with the creation of the army and naval commanding staffs. These staffs were equal in power to the minister of war and answered directly to the emperor, rather then having to go through the civilian government. The Army and Navy also had decisive say on the formation of any civilian government. Since the law required that the posts of Army Minister and Navy Minister be filled by active duty officers, and since the law also required that a prime minister resign if he could not fill all of his cabinet posts, both the Army and Navy had final say on the formation of a cabinet, and could bring down the cabinet at any time by withdrawing their minister and refusing to nominate a successor. While this only happened once, the threat always loomed high when the military made any demands on the civilian leadership.

Even with the military in essential control of the government in Japan. The Kwantung Army in Korea, largely ignored, or acted in direct deviance of the headquarters in Japan. Many of its senior leaders advocated political change in Japan through the overthrow of the democratically elected civil government, denouncing it as a “liberal evil” and wanted to heavily strengthen the power of the Japanese emperor in its place. They also advocated a more aggressive, expansionist foreign policy regarding the Asian mainland, eyeing the whole of China as ripe for the taking.

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