Codominance #genetics #mendel, with objective question MCQ,

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One physiological attribute many of us know about ourselves is our blood type, which is type A, type B, type AB, or type O.
All of us have one of these four common blood types that result from alleles at the ABO blood group gene
located on chromosome 9 (OMIM 110300).
There are three alleles in all human populations, and combinations of the alleles can occur.

The three alleles of the ABO gene are identified as IA, IB, and i, and the four blood groups are phenotypes produced by different combinations of these alleles.
Initially, the oligosaccharide is composed of five sugar molecules and is called the H antigen.
It results from the activity of an enzyme produced by the H gene.
Two alternative sugars can be added to the H antigen by the gene products of the IA or IB alleles, respectively.
If the IA allele is present in the genotype, it produces the gene product α-3-N-acetyl-d-galactosaminyltransferase, or simply, “A-transferase.” A-transferase catalyzes the addition of the sugar N-acetylgalactosamine to the H antigen, producing a six-sugar oligosaccharide known as the A antigen.

The IB allele, on the other hand, produces α-3-d-galactosyltransferase, commonly called “B-transferase,”
which catalyzes the addition of a different sugar, galactose, and produces a six-sugar oligosaccharide known as the B antigen. The molecular basis of the differences between the A and B alleles is several nucleotide differences that change four amino acids of the resulting transferase enzymes and alter enzymatic activity.

In contrast, the i allele is due to a single base-pair deletion and is a null allele that does not produce a functional gene product capable of adding a sixth sugar to the H antigen.

Both IA and IB are dominant to i, since IA and IB produce enzymes that modify the H antigen but i does not. On the other hand, the IAIB genotype leads to production of both A-transferase and B-transferase,
resulting in the addition of N-acetylgalactosamine to some H antigens and the addition of galactose to other H antigens.
In the IAIB genotype, all red blood cells carry both types of H-antigen modifications; about half of the red cell surface antigens are A antigens, and the rest are B antigens.
In the heterozygous IAIB genotype, therefore, the action of both alleles is detected in the phenotype, leading to the conclusion that IA and IB are codominant to one another.

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What is co-dominance with an example?
What are the rules of codominance?
सह-प्रभुत्व क्या है उदाहरण सहित?

codominance example, in humans

codominance example, in plants
Codominance can be observed in rhododendrons that produce flowers with two different color phenotypes. Flowers with both red and white petals are produced by the simultaneous expression of red and white genes for flower color.

What is codominance
What is co-dominance with an example?
What is dominance with suitable example?
What is an example of a codominant marker?
What is simple dominance give an example?
CODOMINANCE & INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE Difference
PRINCIPLE OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION
Concept of Codominance explained
Co-dominance & Multiple alleles | ABO Blood group | Q/A on Blood group genotypes
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