Will Quantum Computers break encryption?

How do you secure messages over the internet? How do quantum computers break it? How do you fix it? Why don't you watch the video to find out? Why does this description have so many questions? Why are you still reading? What is the meaning of life?

0:00 Intro - Are we DOOOOMED??
0:52 How NOT to Send Secret Messages
2:09 RSA - Encryption Today
5:19 One-Way Functions and Post-Quantum Cryptography
7:28 Qubits and Measurement
9:03 BB84 - Quantum Cryptography
12:43 Alternatives and Problems
14:26 A Case for Quantum Computing
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CLARIFICATIONS:
You don't actually need a quantum computer to do quantum-safe encryption. As briefly mentioned at 7.04 , there are encryption schemes that can be run on regular computers that can't be broken by quantum computers.

CORRECTIONS:

"The public key can only be used to scramble information." (2.18) Technically, you can use any key to encrypt or decrypt whatever you want. But there's a specific way to use them that's useful, which is what's shown in the video.
"Given a private key, it's easy to create its corresponding public key." (5.36) In RSA, depending on exactly what you mean by "private key", neither key is actually derivable from the other. When they are created, they are generated together from a common base (not just the public key from the private key). But typically, the file that stores the "private key" actually contains a bit more information than just the private key. For example, in PKCS #1 RSA private key format ( https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447#appendix-A.1.2 ), the file technically contains the entire public key too. So in short, you technically can't get the public key from the private key or vice versa, but the file that contains the private key can hold more than just the private key alone, making it possible to retrieve the public key from it.
Video links:

Encryption and HUGE numbers - Numberphile
https://youtu.be/M7kEpw1tn50

The No Cloning Theorem - minutephysics
https://youtu.be/owPC60Ue0BE

Quantum Entanglement & Spooky Action at a Distance - Veritasium
https://youtu.be/ZuvK-od647c
Sources:

Quantum Computing for Computer Scientists
http://books.google.ca/books/about/Quantum_Computing_for_Computer_Scientist.html?id=eTT0FsHA5DAC

Random person talking about Quantum MITM attacks
http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/2719/is-quantum-key-distribution-safe-against-mitm-attacks-too

The Ekert Protocol (i.e. E91)
http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~nilic/Nina's-article.pdf

Annealing vs. Universal Quantum Computers
https://medium.com/quantum-bits/what-s-the-difference-between-quantum-annealing-and-universal-gate-quantum-computers-c5e5099175a1
Images, Documents, and Screenshots:

Post-Quantum Cryptography initiatives
http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/post-quantum-crypto/cfp-announce-dec2016.html
http://pqcrypto.eu.org/docs/initial-recommendations.pdf

Internet map (Carna Botnet)
http://census2012.sourceforge.net/

Quantum network maps
https://www.slideshare.net/ADVAOpticalNetworking/how-to-quantumsecure-optical-networks
http://www.secoqc.net/html/press/pressmedia.html

IBM Quantum
http://research.ibm.com/ibm-q/
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The House of Leaves

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Видео Will Quantum Computers break encryption? канала Frame of Essence