Euro | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article: Euro 00:02:15 1 Administration 00:03:24 2 Issuing modalities for banknotes 00:04:32 3 Characteristics 00:04:42 3.1 Coins and banknotes 00:08:20 3.2 Payments clearing, electronic funds transfer 00:09:09 3.3 Currency sign 00:10:23 4 History 00:10:32 4.1 Introduction 00:14:19 4.2 Eurozone crisis 00:16:18 5 Direct and indirect usage 00:16:28 5.1 Direct usage 00:17:59 5.2 Use as reserve currency 00:19:47 5.3 Currencies pegged to the euro 00:21:59 6 Economics 00:22:08 6.1 Optimal currency area 00:23:13 6.2 Transaction costs and risks 00:24:13 6.3 Price parity 00:24:53 6.4 Macroeconomic stability 00:26:30 6.4.1 Trade 00:27:21 6.4.2 Investment 00:28:13 6.4.3 Inflation 00:29:11 6.4.4 Exchange rate risk 00:29:51 6.4.5 Financial integration 00:30:48 6.4.6 Effect on interest rates 00:32:05 6.4.7 Price convergence 00:32:49 6.4.8 Tourism 00:33:07 7 Exchange rates 00:33:16 7.1 Flexible exchange rates 00:34:01 7.2 Against other major currencies 00:35:19 8 Linguistic issues 00:36:21 9 See also Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago. Learning by listening is a great way to: - increases imagination and understanding - improves your listening skills - improves your own spoken accent - learn while on the move - reduce eye strain Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone. You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuKfABj2eGyjH3ntPxp4YeQ You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through: https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts "The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing." - Socrates SUMMARY ======= The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of 19 of 28 member states of the European Union, as well as some of the territories of the EU. This group of states is known as the eurozone or euro area. It is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar. The euro is subdivided into 100 cents. The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and its territories, four other European countries, as well as unilaterally by two others, and is consequently used daily by some 343 million Europeans as of 2018. Outside Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency. Additionally, 240 million people worldwide as of 2018 use currencies pegged to the euro. The euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar. As of August 2018, with more than €1.2 trillion in circulation, the euro has one of the highest combined values of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world, having surpassed the U.S. dollar.The name euro was officially adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid. The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999, replacing the former European Currency Unit (ECU) at a ratio of 1:1 (US$1.1743). Physical euro coins and banknotes entered into circulation on 1 January 2002, making it the day-to-day operating currency of its original members, and by March 2002 it had completely replaced the former currencies. While the euro dropped subsequently to US$0.83 within two years (26 October 2000), it has traded above the U.S. dollar since the end of 2002, peaking at US$1.60 on 18 July 2008. In late 2009, the euro became immersed in the European sovereign-debt crisis, which led to the creation of the European Financial Stability Facility as well as other reforms aimed at stabilising and strengthing the currency.

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