Refraction of light

Light Refraction Basics.  Refraction is the bending of light as it passes through different mediums, such as air, water, or glass. The amount of bending depends on the angle of incidence and the refractive index of the material. Refractive index is a measure of how much a material can bend light, and it varies from one substance to another. When light travels from a less dense medium to a more dense medium, it bends towards the normal, while when it travels from a more dense medium to a less dense medium, it bends away from the normal. The angle of refraction can be calculated using Snell's law, which states that the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is equal to the ratio of the refractive indices of the two media. The refraction of light is responsible for a variety of optical phenomena, such as the bending of a pencil in a glass of water and the formation of rainbows. Lenses, prisms, and other optical instruments rely on the principles of refraction to work properly. Refraction also plays a crucial role in the correction of vision problems, as eyeglasses and contact lenses use lenses to bend light and compensate for the shape of the eye. In some cases, refraction can cause objects to appear distorted or even invisible, as in the case of mirages. The study of refraction is an important branch of optics, with applications in fields such as physics, engineering, and medicine.

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