3D Reconstruction of Nagasaki’s Atomic Explosion.

At 11:02 a.m. on August 9, 1945, a B-29 Superfortress of the United States Army Air Forces dropped the second atomic bomb ever used in warfare over the city of Nagasaki. The detonation released energy equivalent to roughly 21 kilotons of TNT, instantly vaporizing everything within a radius of about 650 feet and causing the deaths of tens of thousands of people.

The bomb, codenamed Fat Man, represented a major technical step forward compared to Little Boy. Unlike the simpler gun-type design used in Hiroshima, the Nagasaki device relied on an implosion system: a sphere of plutonium was rapidly compressed by conventional explosives until it reached the density required to trigger a self-sustaining chain reaction. This approach demanded extremely precise timing across multiple detonators.

At its core was plutonium-239, a fissile material that, when struck by neutrons, splits and releases large amounts of energy along with additional neutrons. These newly released neutrons then go on to trigger further fissions, creating an exponential chain reaction. For this process to work efficiently, the material must reach what is known as critical mass—a state determined not only by the amount of material, but also by its density and geometry.

From a human perspective, the consequences were catastrophic. Thousands of people were killed instantly, while many others suffered severe burns, traumatic injuries, and intense radiation exposure. In the days and weeks that followed, the death toll continued to rise due to infections, lack of medical care, and the delayed effects of radiation.

Beyond the immediate destruction, the Nagasaki detonation also provided critical data on how nuclear explosions behave in real urban environments. The observed effects helped validate theoretical models related to shockwaves, heat transfer, and radiation dispersion, with lasting implications for both military applications and the later development of nuclear energy.

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Sources:
Reports from the Manhattan Project (USSBS, 1946)
Archives from the RERF (official website and publications)
U.S. National Archives (DOE/OSTI)
Peer-reviewed academic literature

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