Neandertals: The Basics

Neanderthals! Or wait, is it Neandertals? Everything you want to know in one easy video.
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Citations:

1 Schmerling (1834) Research on the Fossil Specimens Discovered in the Caves of Liège
2 King (1864) The Reputed Fossil Man of the Neanderthal
3 Gómez-Olivencia et al. (2018) 3D Virtual Reconstruction of the Kebara 2 Neandertal Thorax
4 Meyer et al. (2016) Nuclear DNA Sequences from the Middle Pleisocene Sima de los Huesos Hominins
5 Prüfer et al. (2013) The Complete Genome Sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains
6 Blinkhorn et al. (2021) Nubian Levallois Technology Associated with Sourthernmost Neanderthals
7 Bermúdez de Castro & Carbonell (2021) A New Perspective on the Origin of Homo sapiens.
8 Hajdinjak et al. (2018) Reconstructing the Genetic History of Late Neanderthals
9 Gómez-Robles (2019) Dental Evolutionary Rates and its Implications for the Neanderthal-Modern Human Divergence
10 Hershkovitz et al. (2018) The Earliest Modern Humans Outside Africa
11 Hershkovitz et al. (2021) A Middle Pleistocene Homo from Nesher Ramla, Israel
12 Prüfer et al. (2021) A Genome Sequence from a Modern Human Skull Over 45,000 years old from Zlatý kůň in Czechia.
13 Higham et al. (2014) The Timing and Spatiotemporal Patterning of Neanderthal Disappearance
14 Green et al. (2010) A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome
15 Chen et al. (2020) Identifying and Interpreting Apparent Neandertal Ancestry in African Individuals
16 Quach et al. (2016) Genetic Adaptation and Neandertal Admixture Shaped the Immune System of Human Populations
17 Schick & Toth (2013) C14 in A Companion to Paleoanthropology
18 Milks, Parker & Pope (2019) External Ballistics of Pleistocene Hand-Thrown Spears: Experimental Performance Data and Implications for Human Evolution
19 Hosfield (2016) Walking in a Winter Wonderland? Strategies for Early and Middle Pleistocene Survival in Midlatitude Europe
20 Hardy et al. (2020) Direct Evidence of Neanderthal Fibre Technology and its Cognitive and Behavioral Implications
21 Hallett et al. (2021) A Worked Bone Assemblage from 120,000-90,000 year old Deposits at Contrebandiers Cave, Atlantic Coast, Morocco
22 Strasser et al. (2011) Dating Paleolithic Sites in Southwestern Crete, Greece.
23 Ferentinos et al. (2012) Early Seafaring Activity in the Southern Ionian Islands, Mediterranean Sea
24 Strasser et al. (2010) Stone age seafaring in the Mediterranean: evidence from the Plaiak region for Lower Palaeolithic and Mesolithic habitation of Crete.
25 Hoffmann et al. (2018) U-Th Dating of Carbonate Crusts Reveals Neandertal Origins of Iberian Cave Art
26 Zilhão et al. (2010) Symbolic Use of Marine Shells and Mineral Pigments by Iberian Neandertals
27 Trinkaus & Villotte (2017) External Auditory Exostoses and Hearing Loss in the Shanidar 1 Neandertal.
28 Beier et al. (2018) Similar Cranial Trauma Prevalence Among Neanderthals and Upper Paleolithic Modern Humans
29 Solecki (1975) Shanidar IV, A Neanderthal Flower Burial in Northern Iraq
30 Sommer (1999) The Shanidar IV ‘Flower Burial’: A Re-evaluation of Neandertal Burial Ritual
31 D’Anastasio et al. (2013) Micro-Biomechanics of the Kebara 2 Hyoid and its Implications for Speech in Neanderthals
32 MacDermot et al. (2005) Identification of FOXP2 Truncation as a Novel Cause of Developmental Speech and Language Deficits
33 (2016) Morphology and Function of Neandertal and Modern Human Ear Ossicles
34 Vaesen, Dusseldorp & Brandt (2021) An Emerging Consensus in Palaeoanthropology: Demography was the Main Factor Responsible for the Disappearance of Neanderthals
Hosted, Written, Shot and Edited by: Riley Harnett
Title Sequence and Original Art by: James Kean (www.facebook.com/keanjamesart)

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