Why 5G Engineering is AMAZING

~ 5 clever engineering tricks that make 5G tick ~
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0:00 5G makes my head hurt, how 5G works
1:25 How 5G beamforming works and why it's used
3:33 Why does 5g Use mmWave frequencies
5:36 5G data rates are insane - and how!
7:09 5G bandwidth parts
8:39 5G Numerologies and a flexible 5G data architecture
11:02 5G frame structure
12:01 5G technology is amazing
12:25 Keysight University Live Winners

Everything I can find about 5G is either SUPER HIGH LEVEL fluffy hype content or it’s super deep. . So today we’re going to walk the line between the two – geek out a little bit and explore how 5G works but not go agonizingly deep – So, I’ve picked out 5 of my favorite clever engineering tricks that make 5G tick.

Beamforming and beam steering
All the technologies before 5G, like 4, 3, 2, and 1G just sprayed signals everywhere. 5G can actually form a beam and send it right to a receiver. It’s called beam forming or beam steering.
This works because a 5G antenna isn’t just one antenna, it’s an array of antennas, it’s a bunch of them all piled in together and they are each individually controlled. By adjusting the phase of each antenna element you can actually point the beam in the direction you want it to go.
This is known as beam steering, and can be done with simple analog phase shifters for each antenna.
Beamforming takes beamsteering a step further and controls both the phase and the amplitude of the signal at each antenna element. With 5G beam forming, the receiver and the transmitter talk to each other to figure out what settings worked the best, where they got the best reception.
Beamforming is important for two reasons. The receiver might be moving! It might be a phone you’re walking with or a car driving down the road.

The beam has to follow and maintain the link.
It’s also important because the transmitter’s power focuses just on the receiver, there’s not a lot of energy wasted. For 4G we could afford to spray signal everywhere, but for 5G we can’t. We can’t because 5G uses much higher frequencies up into the mmWave range.

mmWave Frequencies
They are called mmWave because the wavelength is in the 1-10 mm range. As frequencies get higher, wireless signal loss increases. A lot. So as we go to higher frequencies we have to use beam forming to get better reception. These higher frequencies are actually a bit of nightmare.
Loss is a big issue. Path loss is how much power ​you lose between your transmitter and your receiver.

The power loss depends on distance – the farther they go the more power they lose. And power loss depends on frequency. The higher the frequency, the more power it loses per meter.
5G has specs for “frequency range 1” which goes up to about 7 GHz, and frequency range 2, which is in the 24 GHz to 52 GHz range.

If you search for "why does 5G use higher frequencies" the odds are you’ll get the wrong answer. The articles say something like “Higher frequencies mean a higher data rate” – this is very wrong. But, 5G does have higher data rate – insanely high data rates - because 5G uses wider bandwidths.

5G Data Rates
There’s a formula for the capacity, or data rate in a link, called the Shannon-Hartley theorem.

5G Bandwidth Parts
With bandwidth parts we can optimize portions of the carrier for different uses. We can split up our overall bandwidth and tweak characteristics like latency and throughput

5G Data Architecture and OFDM
5G and a lot of other wireless communication protocols use orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, or OFDM.
Basically this means you take your carrier and chop it up into neighboring subcarriers. Each subcarrier is shifted in phase, spaced out in frequency, and communicates data symbols, or just “symbols”, using some devilish RF trickery.

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