Germplasm conservation #cryopreservation #biotechnology Germplasm storage and its applications

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Germplasm is a living tissue, which can be conserved for long periods and whole plant is regenerated whenever it is required in the future. Thus germplasm provides the raw material for the breeder to develop various crops. Thus, the conservation of germplasm assumes significance in all breeding programmes.
A global body namely International Board of Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) has been established for germplasm conservation. Its main objective is to provide necessary support for collection, conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources throughout the world.
There are two approaches for germplasm conservation of plant genetic materials:
In-situ conservation: The conservation of germplasm in their natural environment by establishing biosphere reserves (or national parks/gene sanctuaries). Usually, seeds are the most common and convenient materials to conserve plant germplasm. This may be regarded as primitive but conventional germplasm preservation and management, which is highly valuable in breeding programmes.
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Limitations
i. Viability of seeds is reduced or lost with passage of time.
ii. Seeds are susceptible to insect or pathogen attack, often leading to their destruction.
iii. This approach is exclusively confined to seed propagating plants, and therefore it is of no use for vegetatively propagated plants e.g. potato, Ipomoea, Dioscorea.
iv. It is difficult to maintain clones through seed conservation.
Ex-situ conservation: The genetic materials in the form of seeds or from in vitro cultures (plant cells, tissues or organs) can be preserved as gene banks for long term storage under suitable conditions.
There are mainly three approaches for the in vitro conservation of germplasm:
1. Cryopreservation - generally involves storage in liquid nitrogen.
2. Cold storage - it involves storage in low and nonfreezing temperature.
3. Low pressure – it involves partially reducing the atmospheric pressure of
the surrounding.
4. Low oxygen storage - it involves reducing the oxygen level but
maintaining the pressure.

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