History of Sudan

Located in Northeast Africa, Sudan is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, South Sudan to the south, and the Central African Republic to the southwest. With a population of over 44 million people, Sudan has major ethnic groups such as the Fur, the Beja, the Nuba, and the Nubian people. From the Beja language to the Sudanese Arabic, Najdi Arabic, Hejazi Arabic, and Chadian Arabic, the country has numerous languages with various dialects. Among all these, English, Juba Arabic, Bari, Dinka, Luo, Murle, Nuer, and Zande are Sudan`s lingua francas. The vast majority of Muslims in Sudan are Sunni, belonging to the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence. With Islam being the predominant religion in Sudan, 90.7% of the Sudanese population are Muslims, while Christianity forms 5.4% of the country`s population. Before the Anglo-Egyptian colonization of Sudan in 1899, present-day Northern Sudan was popular for its wealth in raw materials such as lapis, gold, cotton, as well as its self-governance.
In 1899, Britain and Egypt struck an agreement to appoint an Egyptian governor-general with British consent. Sudan gained independence from this Anglo-Egyptian condominium on the 1st of January, 1956. The name, “Sudan” originates from the Arabic expression, “bilād al-sūdān,” meaning “land of the blacks”. Khartoum, is the capital of Sudan. The country`s politics operates on the basis of a presidential representative democracy. Sudan has had its fair share of war, with the dreaded First Sudanese Civil War which lasted for 12 years. This conflict, between the northern and southern regions of Sudan, began in 1955. The Second Sudanese Civil War lasted from 1983 to 2005 between the central Sudanese government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army.

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