UPSC Anthro PYQ (2011-2024) Topic 9.3 | Genetic Polymorphism, HWE, & Evolutionary Forces

Title: UPSC Anthropology Unit 9 PYQ Analysis (2011-2024) | Genetic Polymorphism, HWE, & Evolutionary Forces
Description: A comprehensive lecture analysis covering all Previous Year Questions (PYQs) from 2011 to 2024 for UPSC Anthropology Optional Paper I, Unit 9 (Population Genetics and Evolutionary Forces).
Key learning points for UPSC preparation:
• Detailed definition and types of Genetic Polymorphism, including Balanced and Transient Polymorphism, with suitable examples from human populations.
• Understanding the Hardy-Weinberg Law and the five essential assumptions required for a population to maintain genetic equilibrium.
• In-depth discussion on the role of major evolutionary forces—Natural Selection, Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift—in creating human diversity.
• Analysis of Genetic Drift mechanisms, specifically the Founder Effect and Bottleneck Effect.
• Examination of how marriage rules, such as endogamy, exogamy, and consanguinity, genetically impact population gene pools.
• Concepts and measurement of 'Genetic Load' in a population, including factors influencing its accumulation, such as mutation rate and selection pressure.
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