Fungi in one shot l class 11 biology chapter biological classification

Unique kingdom of heterotrophic organisms .
Saprophytic
Parasitic
Decomposer
Symbiotic - lichen , mycorrhiza
⭐Multicellular organisms ( except yeast )
⭐ Cosmopolitan ( air , water,soil, animals , plants)
⭐Prefer to grow in warm and humid places.
⭐Body- long, slender thread like structures called hyphae( Filamentous ) . Network of hyphae =
mycelium
Types of hyphae
1. Aseptate( coenoctytic/ multinucleated )
2. Septate
⭐Cell wall - chintinous & polysaccharides
⭐ Reproduction:
1. Vegetative: fragmentation, fission, budding
2. Asexual reproduction: asexual spores ( conidia, sporangiospores , zoospores)
3 . Sexual reproduction:
Plamogamy : fusion of protoplasm ( gametes can be motile / non motile )
Karyogamy : fusion of nuclei
Meiosis : zygotes produces spores .
 Spores: on the basis of cover present or not 1.Endogenous
2. Exogenous

Flagella present or not
1. Motile
2. Non motile
Asexually produce or sexually
1. Asexual spores- sporangiospores, zoospores, conidia
2. Sexual spores - ascospores, basidiospores .
On the basis of
❤ Morphology of the mycelium
❤mode of spore formation
❤ Fruiting bodies
Fungi is classified into "4 " classes
1. Phycomycetes
2. Ascomycetes
3. Basidiomycetes
4. Deuteromycetes.
1. Phycomycetes:
Nutrition: parasitic, saprophytic.
Mycelium: Aseptate and coenoctytic.
Reproduction:
Vegetative: Fragmentation
Asexual: Endogenously produced motile ( zoospores) / non motile ( aplanospores) spores,
formed in sporangium .
Sexual : 1. Plamogamy
2. Immediate Karyogamy
3. Meiosis of zygote and formation of
Spores ( endogenous)
Examples : RAM ( Rhizopus, albugo, mucor ) .
2. Ascomycetes:
Nutrition: saprophytic, decomposer, parasitic , coprophiles .
Mycelium: septate , branched .
Reproduction:
Vegetative: fragmentation, fission, budding.
Asexual: exogenously produced non motile spores ( conidia )
Sexual: 1. Plamogamy
2. Dikaryon ( n+n)
3. Karogamy
4. Zygote
5 mitosis
6. Diploid Fruiting bodies ( ascocarp)
7. Formation of spores( endogenous ) by meiosis in ascus .
Examples: yeast , morels , truffles , penicillium, aspergillus , claviceps, neurospora.
3.Basidiomycete( bra- cket fungi , puffball fungi ) :
Nutrition: parasitic, saprophytic, symbiotic.
Mycelium: septate, branched.
Reproduction:
Vegetative: fragmentation
Asexual: ❌❌
Sexual: gametes ❌
Sexual reproduction by somatic hyphae
1. Fusion of protoplasm of hyphae
2. Dikaryotic hyphae( n+n)
3. basidium (n+n ) ▶ Karyogamy ▶ meiosis ▶spores
Example: agaricus ( mushroom) , ustilago( smut) , puccinia( rust ) .
4 . Deuteromycetes:
Imperfect fungi , asexual reproduction, seprate, branched , decomposers , help in mineral
cycling .
Sexual reproduction is not discovered yet.
Examples: Alternaria, colletotrichum, trichoderma ( CAT)

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