Marine Aquaculture in Indonesia | A Cage Culture Documentary

Aquaculture is the activity of fish rearing for consumption purposes. Recorded by FAO since 1950, this industry initially had very little output compared to capture fishery industry. However, as time goes by, aquaculture industry grows rapidly. The fastest growth occurred in 1990 along with the stagnation of capture fishery industry, and was named by FAO as the fastest growing food industry in the world. In 2015, the global cultivated fishery production reached +/- 90 million tons, thus rivaling the capture fishery industry.

In 2015, aquaculture industry production was dominated by the Asian Continent with a total production of +/- 81 million tons, which was 90% of the global production. China dominated with a total production of +/- 47.6 million tons (53% of the global production), followed by India with a total production of +/- 4.9 million tons, then by 3 largest producers in Southeast Asia; Indonesia with a total production of +/- 4.3 million tons, Vietnam with a total production of +/- 3.4 million tons, and Philippines with a total production of +/- 2.3 million tons (*excluding seaweeds). In total, Southeast Asia contributed to +/- 11.2 million tons of cultivated fish or 12.4% of global production.

In 2015, Indonesia produced +/- 4.3 million tons of cultivated fish which consisted of +/- 2.9 million tons freshwater fish, 1.3 million tons seawater fish, and 0.1 million tons brackish water fish. The freshwater fish commonly cultivated in Indonesia includes carp, tilapia, catfish, gold fish, pomfret, and gourami. Meanwhile, the saltwater fish commodity commonly cultivated in Indonesia includes mouse grouper, tiger grouper, barramundi, red snapper, star pomfret, milkfish, cobia, and yellow-fin tuna. Generally, saltwater fish commodity has higher selling price compared to freshwater fish and higher nutritional content such as DHA and Omega 3.

Cultivated fish are reared in a facility known as floating marine cages. Most of the floating marine cages used in Indonesia are made of wood. Wood floating marine cage has negative impact on the environment, the fish, and the business due to deforestation, bacteria growth within the wood fibers which creates diseases, and the poor resistance against ocean waves. Along with the increasing awareness of the importance of protecting the environment, as well as the increasing need of a high quality and environmentally friendly floating marine cage that can withstand the waves, many cultivators have now switched to High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) floating marine cages.

Rectangular Floating Marine Cage (for coastal seas)
With a size of 3m x 3m or 4m x 4m, the rectangular HDPE floating marine cage is generally used to rear various grouper commodities such as the mouse grouper, tiger grouper, and various hybrid groupers such as cantang, cantik, batik and kertang grouper. This is due to the grouper’s nature to dwell on the ocean floor. When this nature is expressed inside the cage, groupers tend to like the cage’s net walls and gather on the corners of the nets. Therefore, the most suitable floating marine cage shape for groupers is the rectangular floating marine cage. The HDPE rectangular floating marine cage can be installed in seas with waves height of up to 2m. The cage’s durability is 25 years.

Round Offshore Floating Marine Cage (for offshore seas)
With a diameter between 10m to 60m, the round HDPE offshore floating marine cage has very large water volume and is suitable to rear fast swimmer fish such as barramundi, star pomfret, milkfish, cobia, and even yellow-fin tuna and blue-fin tuna. The round HDPE offshore floating marine cage can be installed in offshore seas with 4m wave height. The cage’s durability is above 25 years.

Submersible Offshore Floating Marine Cage (for offshore seas with typhoon storm)
video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gkUhexF-h0A

Steel-like Knotless UHMWPE Aquaculture Nets (anti-predator aquaculture nets)
The knotless UHMWPE aquaculture net is a new breakthrough in aquaculture. It is a knotless aquaculture net made of UHMWPE. UHMWPE or Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene, is a material stronger than steel. By using this material, the knotless UHMWPE aquaculture nets have the strength of steel, thus resistant to various ocean predators such as barracudas, puffer fish, sea turtles, crabs, and even sharks up to a certain size. It is suitable for aquaculture in areas with high population of predators. The durability of UHMWPE net is higher than HDPE net with a lifetime between 8-15 years, improving survival rate and fish’ selling price thanks to their perfect scales. With affordable price, the knotless HDPE aquaculture net is highly recommended for aquaculture since it greatly reduces the risk of fish mortality in aquaculture businesses.

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