How to Analyze The Offer on a Contracts Essay Question

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How to Analyze The Offer on a Contracts Essay Question

CONTRACT FORMATION

A traditional, enforceable contract is formed when there is: (1) mutual assent between the parties; and (2) adequate consideration.

MUTUAL ASSENT

Mutual assent between the parties is present when there is a valid offer and acceptance.

OFFER FORMATION

To form a valid offer, the offeror must: (1) manifest an objective willingness to enter into the agreement; (2) create a power of acceptance in the offeree; and (3) specify all necessary terms of the agreement.

(1) Objective Willingness

The offer is governed by an objective test, which means that outward appearances of words and actions are determinative – not hidden intentions (e.g., a person makes an offer with his fingers crossed behind his back).

(2) Power of Acceptance

The offeror creates a power of acceptance when the offeree can simply say, “I accept” and know that he has concluded the deal.

Generally, an offer must be directed to a specific offeree. However, there is a limited exception for contest offers and reward offers that promise something to anyone who accomplishes a certain task (e.g., posted sign offers a cash reward for finding lost puppy).

An advertisement is usually considered an invitation to deal rather than an offer. This is because an advertisement usually fails to confer a power of acceptance to the other side. However, advertisements that are very specific and leave nothing open to negotiation may constitute offers.

(3) Necessary Terms

Under the common law, all essential terms must be specified in the offer, which includes: parties, subject, quantity, and price.

However, under the UCC, the price term is not required in the offer. (UCC § 2-305). The only required terms under the UCC are: parties, subject, and quantity.

Requirements and output contracts are valid under the UCC even though they do not specify an exact quantity. In a requirement contract, the seller agrees to sell as much as the buyer would require. In an output contract, the seller agrees to sell his entire production to the buyer.
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