Did Africa Have The First Iron Age?
Did iron working reach sub saharan Africa from the north or did it in fact have the earliest iron age? Oooooh lets see!
thumbnail by Ettore Mazza
https://instagram.com/ettore.mazza?igshid=ghskv7zocpv2
Thanks to Pete Bensen for helping with recording.
https://www.patreon.com/stefanmilo
Sources:
1. Kaufman, Brett, et al. “Ferrous Metallurgy from the Bir Massouda Metallurgical Precinct at Phoenician and Punic Carthage and the Beginning of the North African Iron Age.” Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 71, 2016, pp. 33–50., doi:10.1016/j.jas.2016.04.002.
2. Sanmartí, Joan, et al. “Filling Gaps in the Protohistory of the Eastern Maghreb: The Althiburos Archaeological Project (El Kef, Tunisia).” Journal of African Archaeology, vol. 10, no. 1, 2012, pp. 21–44., www.jstor.org/stable/43135565. Accessed 2 Nov. 2020.
3. Humphris, J., Scheibner, T. A New Radiocarbon Chronology for Ancient Iron Production in the Meroe Region of Sudan. Afr Archaeol Rev 34, 377–413 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10437-017-9267-x
4. Alpern, S. (2005). Did They or Didn't They Invent It? Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa. History in Africa, 32, 41-94. doi:10.1353/hia.2005.0003
5. Almathen, Faisal, et al. “Ancient and Modern DNA Reveal Dynamics of Domestication and Cross-Continental Dispersal of the Dromedary.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 113, no. 24, 2016, pp. 6707–6712. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/26470279. Accessed 4 Nov. 2020.
6. https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/thematic/camels-in-saharan-rock-art/
7. Anderson H. Chariots in Saharan rock art: An aesthetic and cognitive review. Journal of Social Archaeology. 2016;16(3):286-306. doi:10.1177/1469605316661388
8. Connah, Graham. “The West African Savanna.” African Civilizations: an Archaeological Perspective, by Graham Connah, Cambridge University Press, 2016, pp. 149–184.
9. “Sudanic Genesis: Nubia.” African Civilizations: an Archaeological Perspective, by Graham Connah, Cambridge University Press, 2016, pp. 69–110.
10. Holl, A. (2020, June 30). The Origins of African Metallurgies. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology. Retrieved 6 Nov. 2020, from https://oxfordre.com/anthropology/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.001.0001/acrefore-9780190854584-e-63.
11. Craddock, Paul. “New Paradigms for Old Iron: Thoughts on É. Zangato & A.F.C. Holl's New Paradigms for Old Iron: Thoughts on É. Zangato & A.F.C. Holl's ‘On the Iron Front.’” Journal of African Archaeology, vol. 8, no. 1, 2010, pp. 29–36., doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10157.
12. Deme, Alioune, and Susan K. Mcintosh. “Excavations at Walaldé: New Light on the Settlement of the Middle Senegal Valley by Iron-Using Peoples.” Journal of African Archaeology, vol. 4, no. 2, 2006, pp. 317–347., doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10078.
13. Franke, Gabriele. “A Chronology of the Central Nigerian Nok Culture — 1500 BC to the Beginning of the Common Era.” Journal of African Archaeology, vol. 14, no. 3, 2016, pp. 257–289. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44295242. Accessed 9 Nov. 2020.
14. Junius, Henrik. “Nok Early Iron Production in Central Nigeria — New Finds and Features.” Journal of African Archaeology, vol. 14, no. 3, 2016, pp. 291–311. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44295243. Accessed 9 Nov. 2020.
15. Chirikure, Shadreck. “On Evidence, Ideas and Fantasy: The Origins of Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa Thoughts on É. Zangato & A.F.C. Holl's ‘On the Iron Front.’” Journal of African Archaeology, vol. 8, no. 1, 2010, pp. 25–28. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43135498. Accessed 9 Nov. 2020.
16. Erb-Satullo, Nathaniel L. “The Innovation and Adoption of Iron in the Ancient Near East.” Journal of Archaeological Research, vol. 27, no. 4, 2019, pp. 557–607., doi:10.1007/s10814-019-09129-6.
17. Rehder, J. E. The Mastery and Uses of Fire in Antiquity. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2000.
18. Rehren, Thilo, et al. “5,000 Years Old Egyptian Iron Beads Made from Hammered Meteoritic Iron.” Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 40, no. 12, 2013, pp. 4785–4792., doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.002.
19. University Of Arizona. "Making Iron The Old-Fashioned Way Is A Tricky Business." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 14 October 2005. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/10/051011073801.htm.
20. Erb-Satullo, Nathaniel L. “The Innovation and Adoption of Iron in the Ancient Near East.” Journal of Archaeological Research, vol. 27, no. 4, 2019, pp. 557–607., doi:10.1007/s10814-019-09129-6.
21. Radivojević, M., Rehren, T., Kuzmanović-Cvetković, J., Jovanović, M., & Northover, J. (2013). Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia, c. 6500 years ago. Antiquity, 87(338), 1030-1045. doi:10.1017/S0003598X0004984X
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
www.stefanmilo.com
www.twitter.com/Historysmilo
www.instagram.com/historysmilo
Видео Did Africa Have The First Iron Age? канала Stefan Milo
thumbnail by Ettore Mazza
https://instagram.com/ettore.mazza?igshid=ghskv7zocpv2
Thanks to Pete Bensen for helping with recording.
https://www.patreon.com/stefanmilo
Sources:
1. Kaufman, Brett, et al. “Ferrous Metallurgy from the Bir Massouda Metallurgical Precinct at Phoenician and Punic Carthage and the Beginning of the North African Iron Age.” Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 71, 2016, pp. 33–50., doi:10.1016/j.jas.2016.04.002.
2. Sanmartí, Joan, et al. “Filling Gaps in the Protohistory of the Eastern Maghreb: The Althiburos Archaeological Project (El Kef, Tunisia).” Journal of African Archaeology, vol. 10, no. 1, 2012, pp. 21–44., www.jstor.org/stable/43135565. Accessed 2 Nov. 2020.
3. Humphris, J., Scheibner, T. A New Radiocarbon Chronology for Ancient Iron Production in the Meroe Region of Sudan. Afr Archaeol Rev 34, 377–413 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10437-017-9267-x
4. Alpern, S. (2005). Did They or Didn't They Invent It? Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa. History in Africa, 32, 41-94. doi:10.1353/hia.2005.0003
5. Almathen, Faisal, et al. “Ancient and Modern DNA Reveal Dynamics of Domestication and Cross-Continental Dispersal of the Dromedary.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 113, no. 24, 2016, pp. 6707–6712. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/26470279. Accessed 4 Nov. 2020.
6. https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/thematic/camels-in-saharan-rock-art/
7. Anderson H. Chariots in Saharan rock art: An aesthetic and cognitive review. Journal of Social Archaeology. 2016;16(3):286-306. doi:10.1177/1469605316661388
8. Connah, Graham. “The West African Savanna.” African Civilizations: an Archaeological Perspective, by Graham Connah, Cambridge University Press, 2016, pp. 149–184.
9. “Sudanic Genesis: Nubia.” African Civilizations: an Archaeological Perspective, by Graham Connah, Cambridge University Press, 2016, pp. 69–110.
10. Holl, A. (2020, June 30). The Origins of African Metallurgies. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology. Retrieved 6 Nov. 2020, from https://oxfordre.com/anthropology/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.001.0001/acrefore-9780190854584-e-63.
11. Craddock, Paul. “New Paradigms for Old Iron: Thoughts on É. Zangato & A.F.C. Holl's New Paradigms for Old Iron: Thoughts on É. Zangato & A.F.C. Holl's ‘On the Iron Front.’” Journal of African Archaeology, vol. 8, no. 1, 2010, pp. 29–36., doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10157.
12. Deme, Alioune, and Susan K. Mcintosh. “Excavations at Walaldé: New Light on the Settlement of the Middle Senegal Valley by Iron-Using Peoples.” Journal of African Archaeology, vol. 4, no. 2, 2006, pp. 317–347., doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10078.
13. Franke, Gabriele. “A Chronology of the Central Nigerian Nok Culture — 1500 BC to the Beginning of the Common Era.” Journal of African Archaeology, vol. 14, no. 3, 2016, pp. 257–289. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44295242. Accessed 9 Nov. 2020.
14. Junius, Henrik. “Nok Early Iron Production in Central Nigeria — New Finds and Features.” Journal of African Archaeology, vol. 14, no. 3, 2016, pp. 291–311. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44295243. Accessed 9 Nov. 2020.
15. Chirikure, Shadreck. “On Evidence, Ideas and Fantasy: The Origins of Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa Thoughts on É. Zangato & A.F.C. Holl's ‘On the Iron Front.’” Journal of African Archaeology, vol. 8, no. 1, 2010, pp. 25–28. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43135498. Accessed 9 Nov. 2020.
16. Erb-Satullo, Nathaniel L. “The Innovation and Adoption of Iron in the Ancient Near East.” Journal of Archaeological Research, vol. 27, no. 4, 2019, pp. 557–607., doi:10.1007/s10814-019-09129-6.
17. Rehder, J. E. The Mastery and Uses of Fire in Antiquity. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2000.
18. Rehren, Thilo, et al. “5,000 Years Old Egyptian Iron Beads Made from Hammered Meteoritic Iron.” Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 40, no. 12, 2013, pp. 4785–4792., doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.002.
19. University Of Arizona. "Making Iron The Old-Fashioned Way Is A Tricky Business." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 14 October 2005. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/10/051011073801.htm.
20. Erb-Satullo, Nathaniel L. “The Innovation and Adoption of Iron in the Ancient Near East.” Journal of Archaeological Research, vol. 27, no. 4, 2019, pp. 557–607., doi:10.1007/s10814-019-09129-6.
21. Radivojević, M., Rehren, T., Kuzmanović-Cvetković, J., Jovanović, M., & Northover, J. (2013). Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia, c. 6500 years ago. Antiquity, 87(338), 1030-1045. doi:10.1017/S0003598X0004984X
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
www.stefanmilo.com
www.twitter.com/Historysmilo
www.instagram.com/historysmilo
Видео Did Africa Have The First Iron Age? канала Stefan Milo
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