Derivatives of monosaccharides.

Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates, but their chemical versatility makes them the building blocks for many biologically important molecules. When functional groups in monosaccharides such as aldehyde or hydroxyl groups are modified, various derivatives are formed.

These derivatives include:
Sugar acids – formed when the aldehyde or primary alcohol group is oxidized (e.g., gluconic acid, glucuronic acid).
Sugar alcohols (alditols) – produced when the carbonyl group is reduced (e.g., sorbitol, mannitol).

Amino sugars – formed when an –OH group is replaced by an –NH₂ group (e.g., glucosamine).
Deoxy sugars – when an oxygen atom is removed from a hydroxyl group (e.g., deoxyribose in DNA).
Sugar esters and glycosides – important in energy metabolism (e.g., glucose-6-phosphate) and in forming complex carbohydrates.

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