Allocating Kernel Memory in operating system | buddy system memory allocation|slab allocation in os

#allocatingkernelmemory #buddysystem #slaballocator
Allocating kernel memory (buddy system and slab system)

Prerequisite – Buddy System

Two strategies for managing free memory that is assigned to kernel processes:
1. Buddy system –

Buddy allocation system is an algorithm in which a larger memory block is divided into small parts to satisfy the request. This algorithm is used to give best fit. The two smaller parts of block are of equal size and called as buddies. In the same manner one of the two buddies will further divide into smaller parts until the request is fulfilled. Benefit of this technique is that the two buddies can combine to form the block of larger size according to the memory request.
Example – If the request of 25Kb is made then block of size 32Kb is allocated.
Four Types of Buddy System –

Binary buddy system
Fibonacci buddy system
Weighted buddy system
Tertiary buddy system

Why buddy system?
If the partition size and procees size are different then poor match occurs and may use space inefficiently.
It is easy to implement and efficient then dynamic allocation.

Binary buddy system –
The buddy system maintains a list of the free blocks of each size (called a free list), so that it is easy to find ablock of the desired size, if one is available. If no block of the requested size is available, Allocate searches for the first nonempty list for blocks of atleast the size requested. In either case, a block is removed from the free list.

Example – Assume the size of memory segment is initially 256kb and the kernel rquests 25kb of memory. The segment is initially divided into two buddies. Let we call A1 and A2 each 128kb in size. One of these buddies is further divided into two 64kb buddies let say B1 and B2. But the next highest power of 25kb is 32kb so, either B1 or B2 is further divided into two 32kb buddies(C1 and C2) and finally one of these buddies is used to satisfy the 25kb request. A split block can only be merged with its unique buddy block, which then reforms the larger block they were split from.

Fibonacci buddy system –
This is the system in which blocks are divided into sizes which are fibonacci numbers. It satisfy the following relation:

Zi = Z(i-1)+Z(i-2)

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 144, 233, 377, 610. The address calculation for the binary and weighted buddy systems is straight forward, but the original procedure for the Fibonacci buddy system was either limited to a small, fixed number of block sizes or a time consuming computation.

Advantages –

In comparison to other simpler techniques such as dynamic allocation, the buddy memory system has little external fragmentation.
The buddy memory allocation system is implemented with the use of a binary tree to represent used or unused split memory blocks.
The buddy system is very fast to allocate or deallocate memory.
In buddy systems, the cost to allocate and free a block of memory is low compared to that of best-fit or first-fit algorithms.
Other advantage is coalescing.
Address calculation is easy.

What is coalescing?
It is defined as how quickly adjacent buddies can be combined to form larger segments this is known as coalescing.
For example, when the kernel releases the C1 unit it was allocated, the system can coalesce C1 and C2 into a 64kb segment. This segment B1 can in turn be coalesced with its buddy B2 to form a 128kb segment. Ultimately we can end up with the original 256kb segment.

Drawback –
The main drawback in buddy system is internal fragmentation as larger block of memory is acquired then required. For example if a 36 kb request is made then it can only be satisfied by 64 kb segment and reamining memory is wasted.
2. Slab Allocation –

A second strategy for allocating kernel memory is known as slab allocation. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. This method is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. In slab allocation memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. Cache does not free the space immediately after use although it keeps track of data which are required frequently so that whenever request is made the data will reach very fast. Two terms required are:

Slab – A slab is made up of one or more physically contiguous pages. The slab is the actual container of data associated with objects of the specific kind of the containing cache.
Cache – Cache represents a small amount of very fast memory. A cache consists of one or more slabs. There is a single cache for each unique kernel data structure.

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