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Evolution of Man| Ancient History| Lecture-1
Evolutionary Timeline of Hominids
Dryopithecus (~12–9 million years ago, Miocene)
Overview: An early ape, likely an ancestor to modern apes and humans, living in Europe and Asia.
Interesting Fact: Fossils suggest Dryopithecus swung through trees like modern gibbons, with a diet heavy on fruit, hinting at an arboreal lifestyle before bipedalism evolved.
Sahelanthropus tchadensis (~7 million years ago)
Overview: One of the oldest known potential human ancestors, found in Chad, possibly marking the divergence from chimpanzees.
Interesting Fact: Its skull, nicknamed "Toumaï" (meaning "hope of life" in the local language), has a mix of ape-like and human-like features, including a small brain but a flatter face.
Ardipithecus ramidus (~4.4 million years ago)
Overview: A key early hominid from Ethiopia, showing the shift to bipedalism while retaining some ape-like traits.
Interesting Fact: "Ardi" lived in woodlands, not open savannas, challenging the idea that bipedalism evolved solely for long-distance walking on plains.
Australopithecus afarensis (~3.9–2.9 million years ago)
Overview: A transitional species between apes and humans, famous for bipedalism but with a small brain.
Interesting Fact: The skeleton "Lucy" (discovered in 1974) is the most famous specimen, showing she walked upright but had long arms for climbing trees.
Homo habilis (~2.4–1.4 million years ago)
Overview: The "handy man," the earliest known member of the Homo genus, associated with the first stone tools.
Interesting Fact: Its brain was about 50% larger than Australopithecus, suggesting improved problem-solving skills, though it still scavenged more than hunted.
Homo erectus (~1.9 million years ago–110,000 years ago)
Overview: The "upright man," known for spreading across Africa, Asia, and Europe with a more modern body structure.
Interesting Fact: Evidence suggests Homo erectus mastered fire as early as 1 million years ago, possibly for cooking, which may have fueled brain growth.
Homo neanderthalensis (~400,000–40,000 years ago)
Overview: The Neanderthals, robust archaic humans who thrived in Europe and western Asia before disappearing.
Interesting Fact: They buried their dead with care, hinting at symbolic behavior, and many modern humans carry 1–2% Neanderthal DNA from interbreeding.
Denisovans (~200,000–50,000 years ago)
Overview: A mysterious sister group to Neanderthals, known mostly from DNA and sparse fossils in Siberia and Tibet.
Interesting Fact: Denisovans adapted to high altitudes (like modern Tibetans, who inherit a Denisovan gene for oxygen efficiency) and may have had a diverse appearance.
Homo sapiens (~300,000 years ago–present)
Overview: Modern humans, emerging in Africa with advanced cognition, language, and culture.
Interesting Fact: The oldest known Homo sapiens fossils, from Morocco’s Jebel Irhoud, show a mix of modern and archaic traits, suggesting a complex, pan-African origin.
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