Classical hepatic lobule: Architectural Marvel of Liver

The classical hepatic lobule, also known as the classic or portal lobule, is a functional unit of the liver. It has a distinctive hexagonal shape, with a central vein located at its center. Radiating outward from the central vein are several portal triads, consisting of a branch of the hepatic artery, a branch of the hepatic portal vein, and a bile duct. The lobule is surrounded by connective tissue known as the portal triad, which provides structural support and contains blood vessels and bile ducts.

The classical hepatic lobule is responsible for the unique blood flow pattern within the liver. Oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery and nutrient-rich blood from the hepatic portal vein enter the liver through the portal triads and flow in opposite directions within the lobule. The blood mixes within the sinusoids, which are capillary-like spaces between hepatocytes (liver cells), allowing for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products. Eventually, the blood drains into the central vein, which exits the lobule and joins larger hepatic veins, ultimately leading to the systemic circulation
The classical hepatic lobule exhibits functional zonation, meaning that different metabolic activities occur in specific regions of the lobule. The periphery of the lobule, known as the periportal zone, is involved in processes such as gluconeogenesis glycogen storage, and detoxification. The center of the lobule, known as the perivenous zone or the zone of Rappaport, is responsible for processes like bile production, lipid metabolism, and drug metabolism.
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