Jainism and Buddhism Explained: Key Differences, Similarities & Concepts|Art & Culture |Drishti IAS

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In this session, Mukesh Baranwal, Expert Faculty at Drishti IAS, provides a detailed and conceptual discussion on Jainism and Buddhism, focusing on their philosophical foundations, similarities, and differences—an important topic for UPSC Prelims and Mains. The lecture explains the historical background of both religions, highlighting the role of Vardhaman Mahavira and Gautama Buddha, along with key concepts such as Parshvanatha as the first historical Tirthankara and the evolution of Panch Mahavrat. It further explores the common socio-religious background of the 6th century BCE, showing how both religions emphasized karma, rebirth, non-violence (ahimsa), and moksha as the ultimate goal of human life. At the same time, the session clearly distinguishes between the two by explaining differences in their philosophical approaches, such as the concept of soul (Atma vs Anatma), path to liberation (Triratna vs Ashtangika Marg), extreme asceticism in Jainism versus the Middle Path in Buddhism, and the concepts of Nirvana and Mahaparinirvana. Important doctrines like Pratityasamutpada, Four Noble Truths, and Dwadash Nidana are also discussed, along with an introduction to Jain philosophical ideas like Anekantavada and Syadvada. Overall, this session is highly useful for building conceptual clarity, improving answer writing for Mains, and solving tricky MCQs in Prelims, especially in the Ancient History and Philosophy sections of the UPSC examination.

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