Serving with the Canadian Expeditionary Force during World War I, Francis Pegahmagabow

Serving with the Canadian Expeditionary Force during World War I, Francis Pegahmagabow—an Ojibwe sniper and scout from Canada’s Wasauksing First Nation—became a legend among Allied troops and a feared adversary to the enemy. Renowned for his extraordinary marksmanship, patience, and stealth, he achieved **378 confirmed kills** and captured **over 300 enemy soldiers**, often operating alone in the most perilous sectors of the Western Front. His bravery earned him the Military Medal with two bars—one of only 39 Canadians to receive this honor three times.

Yet despite his heroism, Francis faced systemic discrimination upon returning to Canada, where Indigenous veterans were denied basic rights, including the vote and access to veterans’ benefits. Undeterred, he devoted his postwar life to advocating for Indigenous sovereignty, treaty rights, and equality. He became a respected chief and a powerful voice for his people, leaving a legacy not only as a warrior but as a tireless defender of justice.

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