CSCI 2230|NMSU|Sp'26|W4D1|ATmega328P|CPU Basics | Registers, Pipelining, RISC vs CISC

00:00 Introduction & Recap of Previous Lecture
00:26 Assembly Directives & Symbol Visibility
01:03 Using extern in C with Assembly
02:08 Register Usage Overview
02:41 R0 and Multiplication Results
03:49 R1 Register Behavior
04:42 Caller-Saved Registers (R2–R17, R28–R29)
07:45 Register Y as Pointer (R28+R29)
09:05 Callee-Saved Registers (R18–R27, R30–R31)
10:06 Pointer Registers X, Y, Z
11:27 Program Execution Flow
13:09 Sequential Execution Example
14:39 Old Architectures: Fetch & Execute
16:13 Introduction to Pipelining
17:22 Multi-Stage Pipelines
19:14 CPU Speedup: Pipelining & Clock Frequency
In this lecture, Naveed UL Mustafa explains essential assembly language concepts and CPU fundamentals. Topics include proper register usage in the ATmega328P microcontroller, caller vs callee register saving conventions, pointer registers (X, Y, Z), and how instructions are executed sequentially and through pipelining. The lecture also introduces the difference between RISC and CISC processors, and explores how CPU performance can be improved through pipelining and clock frequency.

Perfect for students learning computer architecture, embedded systems, or assembly programming.

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