How Messages Were Verified Before Signatures

Wax seals were used for centuries to secure and authenticate written messages. Melted wax was applied to a folded letter or tied document, and a carved seal—made of metal, stone, or engraved gemstone was pressed into it to leave a unique impression. The hardened wax locked the paper, revealing any tampering, while the design identified the sender and confirmed authenticity. Widely used in medieval Europe, wax seals served legal, official, and personal purposes, from royal decrees and court orders to private correspondence. Essentially, they acted as a trusted signature and security measure long before envelopes or modern authentication methods existed.

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