International Space Station (ISS) Night Sky |#astronomy|#telescope|#space|#world|#shorts

The **International Space Station (ISS)** is a collaborative multinational project and one of the most significant achievements in space exploration. Here's a detailed overview:

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### **Overview**
- **Type**: Modular space station in low Earth orbit (LEO).
- **Participants**: Led by NASA (USA), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada).
- **Launch**: First module launched in 1998; assembly continued until 2011.
- **Crew**: Continuously inhabited since November 2000 (Expedition 1), hosting over 270 astronauts from 21 countries.

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### **Key Facts**
- **Orbit**:
- **Altitude**: ~420 km (260 miles).
- **Speed**: 28,000 km/h (17,500 mph), orbiting Earth every 90 minutes.
- **Sunrises/Sunsets**: Crew witnesses 16 daily.
- **Dimensions**:
- **Mass**: ~420 metric tons.
- **Size**: 109 meters (357 ft) end-to-end—roughly a football field’s length.
- **Living Space**: Six sleeping quarters, two bathrooms, and a gym.

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### **Purpose & Research**
- **Scientific Research**: Conducts experiments in microgravity across disciplines:
- Biology (plant growth, human physiology).
- Physics (fluid dynamics, combustion).
- Astronomy (cosmic rays, dark matter).
- Technology testing for Mars missions.
- **International Cooperation**: Symbolizes post-Cold War collaboration.

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### **Crew & Daily Life**
- **Rotation**: Typically 6 crew members, staying 6 months.
- **Activities**:
- 6.5 hours of scientific work daily.
- 2.5 hours of maintenance/repairs.
- 2 hours of exercise to combat muscle/bone loss.
- **Transport**: Crews arrive via SpaceX’s Crew Dragon or Russian Soyuz. Cargo resupply by SpaceX, Northrop Grumman, and others.

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### **Modules & Structure**
- **Major Components**:
- **Zarya** (Russia): First module, provides propulsion.
- **Unity** (USA): Connecting node.
- **Columbus** (Europe): Lab for experiments.
- **Kibo** (Japan): Largest lab module.
- **Cupola** (ESA): Observation dome with panoramic Earth views.

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### **Future Plans**
- **Operational Timeline**: Extended to 2030; NASA plans to deorbit it in 2031 via controlled re-entry into the Pacific Ocean.
- **Commercialization**: Private modules (e.g., Axiom Space’s habitat) and space tourism (e.g., SpaceX’s Inspiration4).

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### **Fun Facts**
- **Cost**: ~$150 billion (most expensive single structure ever built).
- **Visibility**: Can be seen from Earth with the naked eye at dawn/dusk.
- **Water Recovery**: ~98% of onboard water is recycled from urine and sweat.

The ISS remains a testament to global teamwork and a stepping stone for future lunar and Mars missions. 🌍🚀
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