Tsetse flies mating behavior Glossina brevipalpis

Tsetse fly mating behavior. Copulation in tse-tse flies (genus Glossina) begins with the male seizing the female and immediately beginning to copulate, but once copulation has begun the males perform different kinds of energetic and sustained courtship behaviour that can stimulate her in various ways and that could induce subsequent female responses. These include the production of sounds and potential visual stimuli with their wings, and stylized rubbing movements on different parts of the female with all three pairs of legs. Males also squeeze the female with vigorous, rhythmic, sustained movements of their genitalia. The squeezing behavior of Glossina is highly structured, with long rhythmic series that vary consistently at different stages of copulation. Several male genital structures contact and move against the external surface of the female during these squeezes, they do not appear to be designed to mechanically introduce their genitalia deeper into the female, but rather to stimulate her during copulation. They resembled the copulatory courtship behavior of many other insect species. Direct observations under the dissecting microscope showed that the male’s cerci squeeze the distal tip of the female’s abdomen rhythmically in bursts of activity that last many minutes. These squeezes exert substantial force on the female. They cause the membranous ventral surface of her abdomen to invaginate sharply. In the species G. palpalis the male cerci produce small areas of abrasion on the membranous surface of the female’s abdomen. Another indication of strong forces is that the distal margins of the cerci in field-collected males sometimes have a distinctly chipped or worn appearance in G. morsitans. Experiments in this species and G. pallidipes showed that stimuli from the tips of the male’s cerci induce the female to ovulate, to transfer the male’s sperm to her storage organs (spermathecae), and to reject mating attempts of future males. Different species of Glossina apparently differ in the relative strengths and durations of male genital squeezes

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10905-017-9625-1

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5929277_Copulation_behaviour_of_Glossina_pallidipes_Diptera_Muscidae_outside_and_inside_the_female_with_a_discussion_of_genitalic_evolution

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17894-3_15

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