Multiple sclerosis - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, degenerative disease of the CNS that is caused by an immune-mediated inflammatory process. This process results in the demyelination of white matter in the brain and spinal cord. MS has a higher prevalence among women and people in temperate regions such as Europe and North America. Impaired vision (due to retrobulbar neuritis) is usually the first manifestation of the disease. Other neurological deficits also appear as the disease progresses. The most common clinical course is characterized by exacerbations (relapses) followed by periods of complete/incomplete remission. MRI, which is the investigation of choice, reveals demyelinated sclerotic plaques in white matter. Differential diagnosis of MS include other chronic demyelinating diseases and neurological infections (e.g., borreliosis, neurosyphilis). Acute exacerbations of MS are treated with high-dose glucocorticoids. Between relapses, patients may be treated with disease-modifying drugs (e.g., β-interferon, glatiramer acetate). No definitive therapy is available for MS.

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