Diabetic Emergency; Definition, Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

A diabetic emergency occurs when blood sugar levels become dangerously high or low, leading to severe symptoms that require immediate medical attention. Here are the main types of diabetic emergencies:

1. Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar)
Occurs when blood sugar drops below 70 mg/dL.

Symptoms: Confusion, dizziness, sweating, shaking, rapid heartbeat, weakness, and fainting.

Treatment: Consume 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates (glucose tablets, juice, or candy) and recheck blood sugar after 15 minutes.

2. Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar)
Happens when blood sugar levels rise excessively.

Symptoms: Increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision, and nausea.

Treatment: Adjust insulin dosage, drink water, and seek medical help if symptoms persist.

3. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
A life-threatening condition where the body burns fat for energy, producing excess ketones.

Symptoms: Rapid breathing, fruity breath odor, nausea, vomiting, and confusion.

Treatment: Immediate hospitalization, IV fluids, and insulin therapy.

4. Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)
Severe dehydration due to extremely high blood sugar levels.

Symptoms: Extreme thirst, confusion, weakness, and seizures.

Treatment: IV fluids and insulin therapy in a hospital setting.

Emergency Response
If someone is unconscious, call emergency services immediately.

If they are responsive, provide glucose for hypoglycemia or encourage hydration for hyperglycemia.

Monitor symptoms and seek medical help if conditions worsen.

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