The Python Trap That Catches EVERY Beginner! #shorts

Can you guess what this Python code prints?

python:
def add_item(item, items=[]):
items.append(item)
return items

print(add_item(1))
print(add_item(2))

This is one of Python's most famous gotchas - the mutable default argument trap! Default mutable arguments like lists and dictionaries are created ONCE when the function is defined, not each time it's called. This means the same list is shared between all function calls!

The fix? Use None as the default and create a new list inside the function:
def add_item(item, items=None):
if items is None:
items = []
items.append(item)
return items
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