function wrappers in python

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Okay, let's dive into function wrappers in Python. This will be a comprehensive guide covering the concepts, motivations, different techniques, and real-world examples.

**What are Function Wrappers?**

At their core, function wrappers are a way to modify or enhance the behavior of a function without directly changing its source code. They "wrap" the original function, intercept calls to it, perform some pre- or post-processing, and then potentially pass the call on to the original function (or not).

Think of it like this: you have a gift (the original function). A wrapper is like the gift wrapping paper. You can decorate the gift (add functionality) without altering the gift itself.

**Why Use Function Wrappers?**

There are several compelling reasons to use function wrappers:

1. **Code Reusability:** Wrappers allow you to apply the same modification (e.g., logging, timing, authentication) to multiple functions without repeating the code in each function. This promotes the DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself) principle.

2. **Separation of Concerns:** Wrappers help separate core functionality from auxiliary concerns. The original function remains focused on its primary task, while the wrapper handles things like logging, error handling, security, etc.

3. **Extensibility:** Wrappers make it easy to extend the functionality of existing functions without modifying them directly. This is especially useful when working with libraries or codebases that you don't control.

4. **Debugging and Profiling:** Wrappers are great for adding logging or timing information to functions to help with debugging or performance analysis.

5. **Adding Security:** Wrappers can be used to implement access control or authentication before allowing a function to be executed.

**How Do Function Wrappers Work?**

In Python, function wrappers are typically implemented using one of these techniques:

1. **Decorator Syntax (`@decorator_name`):** This is the most common and Pythonic way to ...

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