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The Igbo people (English: /ˈiːboʊ/ EE-boh,[4][5] also US: /ˈɪɡboʊ/;[6][7] also spelled Ibo[8][9] and formerly also Iboe, Ebo, Eboe,[10] Eboans,[11] Heebo;[12] natively Ṇ́dị́ Ìgbò [ìɡ͡bò] (About this soundlisten)) are a meta-ethnicity native to the present-day south-central and southeastern Nigeria and also Equatorial Guinea.[13] There has been much speculation about the origins of the Igbo people, as it is unknown how exactly the group came to form.[14] Geographically, the Igbo homeland is divided into two unequal sections by the Niger River – an eastern (which is the larger of the two) and a western section.[15][16] The Igbo people are one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa.[17]

The Igbo language is a part of the Niger-Congo language family. It is divided into numerous regional dialects, and somewhat mutually intelligible with the larger "Igboid" cluster.[18] The Igbo homeland straddles the lower Niger River, east and south of the Edoid and Idomoid groups, and west of the Ibibioid (Cross River) cluster.

In rural Nigeria, Igbo people work mostly as craftsmen, farmers and traders. The most important crop is the yam.[19] Other staple crops include cassava and taro.[20]

Before British colonial rule in the 20th century, the Igbo were a politically fragmented group, with a number of centralized chiefdoms such as Nri, Aro Confederacy, Agbor and Onitsha.[21] Frederick Lugard introduced the Eze system of "Warrant Chiefs".[22] Unaffected by the Fulani War and the resulting spread of Islam in Nigeria in the 19th century, they became overwhelmingly Christian under colonization. In the wake of decolonisation, the Igbo developed a strong sense of ethnic identity.[20] During the Nigerian Civil War of 1967–1970 the Igbo territories seceded as the short-lived Republic of Biafra.[23] MASSOB, a sectarian organization formed in 1999, continues a non-violent struggle for an independent Igbo state.[24]

Large ethnic Igbo populations are found in Cameroon,[25] Gabon, and Equatorial Guinea,[26] as well as outside Africa. "Igbo" as an ethnic identity developed comparatively recently, in the context of decolonisation and the Nigerian Civil War. The various Igbo-speaking communities were historically fragmented and decentralised;[27] in the opinion of Chinua Achebe (2000), Igbo identity should be placed somewhere between a "tribe" and a "nation".[28] Since the defeat of the Republic of Biafra in 1970, the Igbo are sometimes classed as a "stateless nation"The Igboid languages form a cluster within the Volta–Niger phylum, most likely grouped with Yoruboid and Edoid.[30] The greatest differentiation within the Igboid group is between the Ekpeye and the rest. Williamson (2002) argues that based on this pattern, proto-Igboid migration would have moved down the Niger from a more northern area in the savannah and first settled close to the delta, with a secondary center of Igbo proper more to the north, in the Awka area.[31]

Pottery dated at around 2500 BC showing similarities with later Igbo work was found at Nsukka in the 1970s, along with pottery and tools at nearby Ibagwa; the traditions of the Umueri clan have as their source the Anambra valley. In the 1970s the Owerri, Okigwe, Orlu, Awgu, Udi and Awka divisions were determined to constitute "an Igbo heartland" from the linguistic and cultural evidence.[32]

Genetic studies have shown the Igbo to cluster most closely with other Niger-Congo-speaking peoples.[33] The predominant Y-chromosmoal haplogroup is E1b1a1-M2.[34] The Nri people of Igbo land have a creation myth which is one of the many creation myths that exist in various parts of Igbo land. The Nri and Aguleri people are in the territory of the Umueri clan who trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure Eri.[36] Eri's origins are unclear, though he has been described as a "sky being" sent by Chukwu (God).[36][37] He has been characterized as having first given societal order to the people of Anambra.[37] The historian Elizabeth Allo Isichei says "Nri and Aguleri and part of the Umueri clan, [are] a cluster of Igbo village groups which traces its origins to a sky being called Eri."[38]

Archaeological evidence suggests that Nri influence in Igboland may go back as far as the 9th century,[39] and royal burials have been unearthed dating to at least the 10th century. Eri, the god-like founder of Nri, is believed to have settled the region around 948 with other related Igbo cultures following after in the 13th century.[40] The first Eze Nri (King of Nri) Ìfikuánim followed directly after him. According to Igbo oral tradition, his reign started in 1043.[41] At least one historian puts Ìfikuánim's reign much later, around 1225 AD.[42]

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