“ AIR MASS THUNDERSTORMS ” 1943 BUREAU OF AERONAUTICS PILOT TRAINING FILM XD33305

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This elaborate animated U.S. Navy / Bureau of Aeronautics film “Thunderstorms” (MN-119c-AH) was created by the Bureau of Aeronautics in 1943 looks at the formation of thunderstorms. Although the film has no credits, the animation is likely from the Walt Disney Studios, which created similar films during WWII. The film deals with the formation of thunderclouds, points out their identifying features, discusses alternatives a pilot may follow when storms are encountered, and dramatizes one pilot's experience with a thunderstorm. The film breaks storms into two general types; air mass; generally forming over warm waters and along mountain slopes, and frontal; considerably more violent and formed from cold air pushing into warm air. It explains basic characteristics of the storms showing variations in size, shape and density. Individual features are highlighted; towering structures, anvil shaped tops and the dark areas underneath the storm’s core.

Animations begins the film; it opens with a crumpled plane under lighting and rain on the ground (:09). The second segment features actual footage of various storms and types. Two types; frontal thunderstorms (:55) and air mass storms (1:52) are broken down. Thunderstorms form in isolation (2:06) or in groups over mountain ranges (2:12). The storm line (3:01) and turbulences in the rear and front of the storm (3:16) are explained. Formation of the anvil top follows (3:49). The freezing level is marked (4:23). Narration turns to the hail storm (4:52). Increasing amounts of static electricity (5:16) lead to lightning (5:22). Real life footage shows vertical and horizontal lightning (5:32). Various sizes of the thunderclouds are shown and the hazards these present to fliers are explained (6:25). Charts dictate where the greatest areas of turbulence are located within the cloud (7:11). Frequency of storms is discussed (8:35). The region of greatest violence in the cloud is noted (8:57). Movement of the anvil top (10:21) explained. Isolated and grouped storms (10:26) pictured. Real footage (11:15) shows a cloud prior to the thunderstorm stage. Boiling effect indicates turbulence within (11:29). A storm forms over an island (11:54). Another forms over the open sea (12:26). An approaching storm (13:01) indicated by a group of clouds extending outwards (13:01). The sun breaks through a line of storms (13:11). Cumulus clouds bubble into a thunderstorm (13:36). The anvil shape is formed (13:43). The roll cloud is noted (14:13). A view from the base of the storm follows (14:47). The mammatus formation (15:01) precedes a storm. A line of storms has defined anvil tops (15:33). A plane encounters a fully developed storm (16:04). A storm line forms over water (16:28). Storms at night (16:49) present a greater hazard to fliers. Flashes erupt over a city (17:39). Pilots are encouraged to prepare prior to entering a storm (18:39). Circumnavigation of the storm is explained (19:23). Other options for navigation include low level flying and high-level flying (19:35). The saddleback is noted (19:40). Pilots must fly around a mass of isolated storms (20:07) and storms occurring in mountainous regions (20:41). Holes between clouds are pointed out for pilots to travel through (21:57). The necessity of pushing thru turbulence, rain and hail rather than turning around is stressed (22:41). The approach for low level flight (23:06) and identification of storm centers (23:27) follow. Lightning poses little threat to all metal enclosed cockpit airplanes (23:54). Lightning in open cockpit airplanes (24:12) may result in injury. Safe heights to fly at during a storm (25:00) indicated in diagram. Updrafts (25:07), roll cloud regions (25:12) and downdrafts are encountered. Differences in level of entry from the rear of the storm (26:31) and the front (26:33). Shifting surface winds (27:31), high level flight (28:00), and variations between land and sea formed storms follow. Aircraft weather report (30:10) from a pilot forced to fly through a storm. The pilot’s instrument panel prior to entering the storm (31:43). His approach (31:52) and various updrafts encountered are dictated. Bureau of Aeronautics and the U.S. Navy seal (36:30).

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