Bronze Age People - The Maykop Culture

The Maykop (or Maikop) Culture was a Bronze Age people of the Caucasus mountains who traded with the ancient civilization of Uruk Mesopotamia and the Yamnaya steppe herders.

When the famous Maykop Chieftain's kurgan was excavated in1897 it was almost 11m high and more than 100m in diameter. Inside were astonishing treasures of gold, silver, arsenical bronze, and precious stones from distant lands.

This ancient king of the northern mountains was wealthy beyond belief. His tunic had 68 golden lions and 19 golden bulls applied to its surface. He wore necklaces with 60 beads of turquoise, 1,272 beads of carnelian, and 122 golden beads. Under his skull was a diadem with five golden rosettes of five petals each on a band of gold pierced at the ends.

How did this remote kingdom acquire such wealth? What did they eat, what weapons and tools did they use, and what language did they speak?

Who were the mysterious people Soviet archeologists called the Steppe Maykop (or Steppe Maikop)?

And how did the Maykop culture influence the Yamnaya culture to their north?

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--- Video Sources ---

The Horse, the Wheel, and Language - David Anthony
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The Archaeology of the Caucasus: From Earliest Settlements to the Iron Age - Antonio Sagona
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In Search of the Indo-Europeans - JP Mallory
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The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World - JP Mallory
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The Archaeology of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Anatolian: Locating the Split - Kristian Kristiansen:
https://www.academia.edu/41587006/The_Archaeology_of_Proto_Indo_European_and_Proto_Anatolian_Locating_the_Split

Chronology of the Maikop Culture - Mariya Ivanova:
https://www.academia.edu/2543641/The_chronology_of_the_Maikop_culture_in_the_Northern_Caucasus_changing_perspectives

The genetic prehistory of the Greater Caucasus - Wang et al:
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322347v1.full.pdf

Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard - David Anthony:
https://www.academia.edu/39985565/Archaeology_Genetics_and_Language_in_the_Steppes_A_Comment_on_Bomhard

Excavations of Soyugbulaq Kurgans of Azerbaijan - Najaf Museyibli:
https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-1057-1/dissemination/pdf/Phase_3_and_4_Mitigation/432_Soyuqbulaq/432_Soyuqbulaq.pdf

Diet and subsistence in Bronze Age pastoral communities from the southern Russian steppes and the North Caucasus - Corina Knipper and Sabine Reinhold:
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0239861

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Pitted Ware ➜ https://youtu.be/_rspqObP2yg
Cucuteni-Trypilla ➜ https://youtu.be/Bk2Qbf1YQbI
Maykop ➜ https://youtu.be/eyc9jxTPZ_U

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