Edmund Husserl: Modern Western Philosophy (Philosophy) Introduction

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Introduction: Edmund Husserl is regarded as the founder of modern phenomenology.
But he was not the first philosopher to use the term phenomenology in his works, philosophers such as Kant, Hegel, Fichte, etc. have referred to the term in their philosophical works before.
Husserl is regraded as the father of modern phenomenology because he was the first one to develop phenomenology into a method, into a systematic philosophical method.
He was the student of Franz Brentano and he was influenced by the empiricism of David Hume.
Some of his significant works are;
The Idea of Phenomenology
Logical Investigations
Cartesian Meditations
Philosophy as a Rigorous Science: The aim of Husserl’s career was to transform philosophy to a rigorous science which is presumption-less.
He rejected both, the natural and social sciences on the premise of naivety, meaning they are based on presumptions.
He intends four things when he talks of transforming philosophy into a rigorous science, they are;
Reject materialistic reduction, i.e. the analysis of the physical objects done by sensory terms like ideas and impressions.
Rejects scientific theories of Positivism and Naturalism because they take the objective world for granted, without knowing whether it is possible or not.
Rejects Psychology and Naturalism because they are concerned with the consciousness but only from an empirical point of view.
Rejects Historicism for it is in-itself inconsistent.
Hence, according to him, philosophy can only be established as a rigorous science when it is based on phenomenology because it is the essence of philosophy to be scientific in nature.
Intentionality: According to Husserl’s pure phenomenology or transcendental phenomenology, consciousness is intentional, it is always conscious of or about something.
In other words, it is not directed towards itself but towards phenomena.
So, intentionality of consciousness means that consciousness is an activity, it is an act of doing something, it is an act of experience.
Therefore, it is an act of knowing, which is called noesis.
At the same time, it is also always referential in nature. Meaning, consciousness is an act of awareness in which the subject is always presented with an object, which is called noema.
For example, when we think about a pen- it deals with both, noesis and noema because we actually think of defining the pen (noesis) and the pen is also a referent (noema).
Introduction @0:05
Some of his Significant Works are @0:40
Philosophy as a Rigorous Science @1:03
He Intends Four things when he talks of Transforming Philosophy into a Rigorous Science, they are @1:27
Phenomenology and Phenomenological Method @2:34
Intentionality @4:25
Phenomenological Reductions @5:37
Phenomenological Reduction @5:40
Eidetic Reduction @6:32
Transcendental Reduction @7:27

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