The Exxon Valdez oil spill
The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 24, 1989, when Exxon Valdez, an oil tanker bound for Long Beach, California, struck Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef at 12:04 a.m.[1] local time and spilled 260,000 to 750,000 barrels (41,000 to 119,000 m3) of crude oil[2][3] over the next few days. It is considered to be one of the most devastating human-caused environmental disasters.[4] The Valdez spill was the largest ever in US waters until the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, in terms of volume released.[5] However, Prince William Sound's remote location, accessible only by helicopter, plane, or boat, made government and industry response efforts difficult and severely taxed existing plans for response. The region is a habitat for salmon, sea otters, seals and seabirds. The oil, originally extracted at the Prudhoe Bay oil field, eventually covered 1,300 miles (2,100 km) of coastline,[6] and 11,000 square miles (28,000 km2) of ocean.[7] Exxon's CEO, Lawrence Rawl, shaped the company's response.[8]
According to official reports, the ship was carrying approximately 55 million US gallons (210,000 m3) of oil, of which about 10.1 to 11 million US gallons (240,000 to 260,000 bbl; 38,000 to 42,000 m3) were spilled into the Prince William Sound.[9][10] A figure of 11 million US gallons (260,000 bbl; 42,000 m3) was a commonly accepted estimate of the spill's volume and has been used by the State of Alaska's Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council,[6] the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and environmental groups such as Greenpeace and the Sierra Club.[5][11][12] Some groups, such as Defenders of Wildlife, dispute the official estimates, maintaining that the volume of the spill, which was calculated by subtracting the volume of material removed from the vessel's tanks after the spill from the volume of the original cargo, has been underreported.[13] Alternative calculations, based on the assumption that the official reports underestimated how much seawater had been forced into the damaged tanks, placed the total at 25 to 32 million US gallons (600,000 to 760,000 bbl; 95,000 to 121,000 m3).[2]
From:
Big Oil: In the Wake of the Exxon Valdez - Natural World - BBC
Видео The Exxon Valdez oil spill канала NV atCEPImperial
According to official reports, the ship was carrying approximately 55 million US gallons (210,000 m3) of oil, of which about 10.1 to 11 million US gallons (240,000 to 260,000 bbl; 38,000 to 42,000 m3) were spilled into the Prince William Sound.[9][10] A figure of 11 million US gallons (260,000 bbl; 42,000 m3) was a commonly accepted estimate of the spill's volume and has been used by the State of Alaska's Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council,[6] the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and environmental groups such as Greenpeace and the Sierra Club.[5][11][12] Some groups, such as Defenders of Wildlife, dispute the official estimates, maintaining that the volume of the spill, which was calculated by subtracting the volume of material removed from the vessel's tanks after the spill from the volume of the original cargo, has been underreported.[13] Alternative calculations, based on the assumption that the official reports underestimated how much seawater had been forced into the damaged tanks, placed the total at 25 to 32 million US gallons (600,000 to 760,000 bbl; 95,000 to 121,000 m3).[2]
From:
Big Oil: In the Wake of the Exxon Valdez - Natural World - BBC
Видео The Exxon Valdez oil spill канала NV atCEPImperial
Показать
Комментарии отсутствуют
Информация о видео
Другие видео канала
Plastic in the oceansEarth System 6. Wild FiresThe contrasting roles of science and technology in environmental challengesThe future of foodNeil deGrasse Tyson on scientific literacyThe Imperial College MSc in Environmental TechnologyThe impact of pharmaceutical manufacturing pollution on AMRcarThe way forward: Let's design the future we wantGraduation May 2017, MSc In Environmental Technology, Imperial College LondonCultured (Lab) meatEarth System 8. The Human RaceEarth System 2. Vapour in the AtmosphereRethinking ownershipImperial Love MSc Class 2016-17 Environmental TechnologySystems thinking for sustainability challengesImperial College MSc in Environmental Technology - Graduation May 2015Industrial symbiosisProfessor Jane Plant CBE - Memorial at Imperial 10 March 2017Amazing animals at riskProfessor Nigel Bell