regular expression to find urls within a string

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## Regular Expressions (Regex) for Finding URLs in a String: A Comprehensive Tutorial

This tutorial dives deep into using regular expressions to extract URLs from a string. We'll cover:

1. **Understanding the Basics of URLs:** Deconstructing a URL and its components.
2. **Building a Basic Regex:** Crafting a simple pattern to catch common URLs.
3. **Handling Different URL Schemes:** Supporting `http`, `https`, `ftp`, `mailto`, and more.
4. **Addressing Variations:** Dealing with URLs containing query parameters, fragments, user authentication, and international characters.
5. **Improving Robustness:** Adding error handling, and considering edge cases.
6. **Code Examples (Python):** Implementing the regex in Python using the `re` module.
7. **Limitations:** Understanding the limitations of regex-based URL extraction.
8. **Alternative Approaches:** Briefly exploring other methods for URL detection.

**1. Understanding the Basics of URLs**

A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) identifies a resource on the internet. It typically follows this structure:

`scheme://user:password@hostname:port/path?query#fragment`

* **Scheme (Protocol):** Specifies the protocol used to access the resource (e.g., `http`, `https`, `ftp`, `mailto`).
* **User/Password (Optional):** Authentication information (often omitted for security reasons).
* **Hostname (Domain):** The name of the server hosting the resource (e.g., `www.example.com`).
* **Port (Optional):** The port number to connect to (defaults to 80 for HTTP and 443 for HTTPS).
* **Path:** The location of the resource on the server (e.g., `/index.html`).
* **Query (Optional):** Parameters passed to the server (e.g., `?param1=value1¶m2=value2`).
* **Fragment (Optional):** A reference to a specific part of the resource (e.g., `#endianness
**2. Building a Basic Regex**

Let's start with a simple regex that captures the core components:
* `https?://`: Matches `http://` or `https://`. `?` makes t ...

#endianness #endianness #endianness

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