External Sector of India's Economy || Economics UPSC Audio Notes

8. EXTERNAL SECTOR
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Foreign Trade
8.2.1. Foreign Goods/Merchandise Trade of India
8.3. Balance of Payments
8.3.1. Current Account
8.3.1.1. Balance on Current Account
8.3.2. Capital Account
8.3.2.1. Balance on Capital Account
8.3.3. Balance of Payments: Balancing, Surplus and Deficit
8.3.4. The Official Settlements Account
8.3.5. Overall BOP of India
8.4. The Foreign Exchange Market
8.4.1. Foreign Exchange Rate
8.4.1.1. Fixed Exchange Rate (or Pegged Exchange Rate)
8.4.1.2. Flexible/Fluctuating/Floating Exchange Rate
8.4.1.3. Merits and Demerits of Flexible and Fixed Exchange Rate Systems
8.4.3. Managed Floating Rate System
8.4.4. Nominal Effective Exchange Rate (NEER)
8.4.5. Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER)
8.4.6. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
8.5. Exchange Rate Management in India
8.5.1. Liberalized Exchange Rate Management System (LERMs)
8.5.2. Market-Based Exchange Rate Regime (1993- till present)
8.6. Convertibility of Currency
8.6.1. Convertibility of the Rupee
8.6.1.1. Current Account Convertibility of Rupee
8.6.1.2. Capital Account Convertibility of Rupee
8.7. Current Account Deficit
8.7.1. Factors that Cause Current Account Deficit
8.8. Foreign Exchange Reserves
8.8.1. Components of Foreign Exchange Reserves in India
8.8.2. Significance of Forex Reserves
8.9. Trade Agreements
8.9.1. Various types of Trade Agreement
8.10. Foreign Investment in India
8.10.1. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
8.10.1.1. Components of FDI Policy in 2020
8.10.1.2. New Changes in FDI
8.10.2. Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI)
8.10.3. Differences between FDI and FPI
8.11. Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT)
8.11.1. India and BIT
8.11.2. Model BIT 2016
8.11.3. Criticism of Model BIT
8.12. Trade Barriers
8.12.1. Types of Trade Barriers
8.12.1.1. Tariff Barriers
8.12.1.2. Non-Tariff Barriers
8.13. Government Policies to Promote Exports
8.13.1. Special Economic Zone (SEZs)
8.13.1.1. Features of SEZ
8.13.1.2. Challenges in Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
8.13.2. Other Schemes/Initiatives
8.13.3. Schemes Highlighted by Economic Survey 2021-2022
8.14. Miscellaneous
8.14.1. ECB (External Commercial Borrowings)
8.14.2. Deglobalization
8.14.2.1. Indicators of Deglobalization
8.14.2.2. Reasons Behind Deglobalization
8.14.3. Countervailing Duties
8.14.4. Anti-Dumping Duty

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