Database Tips (SQL) #database #sql #nosql #coding development #programming #backend

𝟭. 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗮𝘀𝗲 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗴𝗻

• Normalize first, then denormalize if performance requires it
• Always define primary keys (UUIDs or auto-increment IDs)
• Use foreign keys to enforce relationships
• Add indexes for frequently queried fields (but don’t over-index)

𝟮. 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 & 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲

• Use a connection pool (don’t open/close on every request)
• Use query batching / transactions when performing multiple queries
• Always paginate results (e.g., LIMIT / OFFSET or keyset pagination)
• Cache heavy queries in Redis or memory layer if needed

𝟯. 𝗤𝘂𝗲𝗿𝘆𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗲𝘀

• Avoid N+1 queries (fetch related data in joins or batch queries)
• Prefer prepared statements or ORM query builders (avoids SQL injection)
• Use stored procedures sparingly — keep business logic in backend code

𝟰. 𝗦𝗲𝗰𝘂𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆

• Never build raw SQL strings with user input (use parameters/bindings)
• Use least privilege principle: application user should not be root
• Encrypt sensitive data before storing (beyond just database encryption)
• Rotate DB credentials & use environment variables.

𝟱. 𝗠𝗶𝗴𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 & 𝗩𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴

• Always track schema changes with migrations (Prisma Migrate, Knex, Sequelize, TypeORM)
• Never manually edit production DB without tracking
• Keep migrations idempotent (can be safely re-run)

𝟲. 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗶𝘁𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 & 𝗠𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲

• Monitor slow queries (use EXPLAIN ANALYZE in Postgres/MySQL)
• Clean up old data (archiving or partitioning)
• Regular backups & recovery plans
• Automate schema validations in CI/CD

𝟳. 𝗢𝗥𝗠 𝗼𝗿 𝗥𝗮𝘄 𝗦𝗤𝗟?

• ORMs (Prisma, Sequelize, TypeORM): Faster dev, safer queries, migrations built-in
• Query builders (Knex, Drizzle): More control, less magic
• Raw SQL: Maximum performance and flexibility, but more boilerplate
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Видео Database Tips (SQL) #database #sql #nosql #coding development #programming #backend канала Vladislav Coding