Thermal Engineering - I | Unit - 1| System Properties & TD Equilibrium |Mechanical Eng. 3rd Semester

Thermal Engineering - I | Unit - 1| System Properties & TD Equilibrium |Mechanical Eng. 3rd Semester

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इस लेक्चर में हम Thermal Engineering – I के Unit – 1: Role of Thermodynamics का विस्तृत अध्ययन करेंगे। थर्मोडायनामिक्स मैकेनिकल इंजीनियरिंग का एक महत्वपूर्ण विषय है, जो ऊर्जा, ऊष्मा (Heat) और कार्य (Work) के सिद्धांतों को समझने में सहायता करता है।

syllabus :
UNIT-I: Fundamental Concepts: Role of Thermodynamics in Engineering .Thermodynamic state
and system, boundary, surrounding, universe, thermodynamic systems – closed, open, isolated,
adiabatic, homogeneous and heterogeneous, properties of system, thermodynamic equilibrium,
quasi – static process, reversible and irreversible processes, Zeroth law of thermodynamics,
Unit-II: Thermodynamic Processes on Gases and Laws of thermodynamics : Explanation of
perfect gas laws – Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Gay-Lussac’s law, Universal gas constant, Characteristic
gas constants, simple problems on gas equation, Laws of conservation of energy, first law of
thermodynamics (Joule’s experiment), Application of first law of thermodynamics ,Steady flow
energy equation, Application of steady flow energy equation, statement of second laws of
thermodynamics: Kelvin Planck’s statement, Clausius statement, Perpetual motion Machine of first
kind, second kind, Carnot cycle, Carnot engine, Introduction of third law of thermodynamics.
UNIT-III: Properties of Steam: Formation and Industrial uses of Steam; Basic definitions: saturated
liquid line, saturated vapour line, liquid region, vapour region,wet region, superheat region, critical
point, saturated liquid, saturated vapour, saturation temperature, sensible heat, latent heat, wet
steam, dryness fraction, wetness fraction,saturated steam, superheated steam, degree of superheat;
Determination of enthalpy,internal energy, latent heat, of wet, dry and superheated steam at a given
pressure using steam tables and simple direct problems on the above using table.
UNIT-IV: Steam generators: Introduction and classification of boilers with example, Boiler
mountings and accessories, Brief explanation with line sketches of Cochran, Babcock and Wilcox
Boilers Locomotive boiler; Brief explanation with line sketches of High Pressure Boiler, Draught
systems (Natural, forced & induced).
Unit-V : Steam Turbines and Steam Nozzles: Classification of steam turbines with examples . Difference between Impulse & Reaction turbines. Working Principle of a simple De-lavel turbine & Parson’s Reaction turbine with line diagrams-Velocity diagrams; Basic concept used for calculation of work done, axial thrust, tangential thrust, blade and diagram efficiency, stage efficiency, nozzle efficiency.
Governing of steam turbines: Throttle, By-pass & Nozzle control governing
Flow of steam through nozzle; Discharge of steam through nozzles; Critical pressure ratio; Effect of
friction in nozzles and Super saturated flow in nozzles.

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