He Created The MALL, Then HATED What it Became: The Story of Victor Gruen - US Mall History

Victor Gruen had a fascinating vision for The Mall, a Community Center or "Third Place" for American Suburbs. In my opinion it was ahead of its time and is actually, in a way, slowly catching onhere in the US in way now that we start moving away from pure consumerism.

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All media used under fair use and for informational purposes only.

Sources:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3cNteJIsyU
https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn1004621
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arcade#Etymology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria#Interwar_period_and_World_War_II
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2009-0611-003-Southdale.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Northland_Center_(Northwest_Hallway).jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Northland_Center_(West_Hallway).jpg
https://www.playbill.com/production/from-vienna-music-box-theatre-vault-0000002671
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/germany-annexes-austria
https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/gruen-victor
https://www.arcadeprovidence.com/history
http://mall-hall-of-fame.blogspot.com/2008_05_01_archive.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20110815080416/http://www.metamute.org/en/Shopping-Town-USA
https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/northland-shopping-center
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Northland_Center_%28West_View%29.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Oldenburg
https://www.pps.org/article/roldenburg
https://qz.com/454214/the-father-of-the-american-shopping-mall-hated-cars-and-suburban-sprawl/
https://books.google.com/books?id=2aB2CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT84&lpg=PT84&dq=%22with+an+architect%E2%80%99s+degree,+eight+dollars,+and+no+English%22&source=bl&ots=vOHHpxMXst&sig=ACfU3U3fU3Gd8Bwtyzf6qKJBn0SEMfGyvg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-t5SXyaDoAhXQHc0KHbKqBTcQ6AEwD3oECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22with%20an%20architect%E2%80%99s%20degree%2C%20eight%20dollars%2C%20and%20no%20English%22&f=false
https://archive.org/details/greatgoodplaceca00olde_2
https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/the-gruen-effect/
https://ideas.ted.com/the-strange-surprisingly-radical-roots-of-the-shopping-mall/
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/03/15/the-terrazzo-jungle
https://www.austria.org/victor-gruen
http://www.austrianinformation.org/architecture/victor-gruen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Gruen
https://www.citylab.com/design/2013/07/victor-gruen-wanted-make-our-suburbs-better-instead-he-invented-mall/6249/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Arcade

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