Abdul Hamid II (Ottoman Empire)

Abdul Hamid II (Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد ثانی‎, `Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i sânî; Turkish: İkinci Abdülhamit; September 21, 1842 – February 10, 1918) was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the last Sultan to exert effective control over Ottoman Empire. Modernization of the Ottoman Empire occurred during his reign, this modernization includes the reform of the bureaucracy, the extension of the Rumelia Railway and Anatolia Railway, the construction of the Baghdad Railway, and the Hejaz Railway. he most far-reaching of these reforms were in education: many professional schools were established, including: Law School, School of Arts, School of Trades, Civil Engineering School, The Veterinarian School, The Customs School, The Farming School, The Linguistic School, and more. Abdul Hamid also reorganized the Ministry of Justice and developed rail and telegraph systems, The telegraph system which patent tested & issued by Sultan Abdul Mejid II expanded to incorporate the furthest parts of the Empire. Abdul Hamid believed that the ideas of Tanzimat could not bring the disparate peoples of the empire to a common identity, such as Ottomanism. He adopted a new ideological principle, Pan-Islamism; since Ottoman sultans beginning with 1517 were also nominally Caliphs, he wanted to promote that fact and emphasized the Ottoman Caliphate. He saw the huge diversity of ethnicities in the Ottoman Empire and believed that Islam was the only way to unite his Muslim people. during his reign, the Ottoman Empire mismanagement toward European loans for construction project in the empire led to the exhaustion of empire's treasury, paving the way for the establishment of Ottoman Public Debt Administration in 1881. His reign also plagued by the rise of nationalism which also swept across europe.

Music : "Ey büt-i nev edâ olmuşum müptelâ" by Geoff Knorr, Roland Rizzo, Phil Bouche (Civilization VI : Gathering Storm)

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