linux openssl says bad decrypt even though correct

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openssl "bad decrypt" error: diagnosis, causes, and solutions

the "bad decrypt" error from openssl (and other libraries based on it) is a common source of frustration, especially when you believe you're providing the correct password or key for decryption. this error indicates that openssl was *unable* to successfully decrypt the data using the provided key and initialization vector (iv), even though you might *think* the key is correct.

this tutorial will dissect the causes of this error, provide debugging techniques, and offer code examples demonstrating how to avoid it. we'll cover:

1. **understanding the error:** what does "bad decrypt" really mean?
2. **common causes:** detailed explanations with examples of incorrect keys, iv issues, padding problems, and encryption mode mismatches.
3. **debugging techniques:** how to pinpoint the source of the error.
4. **code examples (c and shell):** practical demonstrations of encryption and decryption using openssl, focusing on best practices.
5. **dealing with different encryption modes:** understanding cbc, ctr, gcm, and their implications.
6. **key derivation functions (kdfs):** importance of proper key derivation, especially when using passwords.
7. **salting and iterations:** essential for secure password-based encryption.
8. **additional troubleshooting:** addressing less common causes.
9. **security best practices:** general recommendations for secure encryption.

**1. understanding the "bad decrypt" error**

the "bad decrypt" error *doesn't* necessarily mean the password or key you entered is completely wrong. it means that openssl performed the decryption process, but the resulting data did *not* match the expected structure, usually due to a padding error. this typically arises when decryption fails to correctly remove the padding added during encryption.

**here's a more detailed breakdown:**

* **encryption process:** during encryption, data is transformed into ciphertext using a key and an ...

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