9.5FOSSIL FUELS|9.6SEPERATING CRUDE OIL| HYDROCARBONS| UNIT:9| GRADE:10|CHEMISTRY|FBISE|NBF

9.5 Fossil Fuels | 9.6 Separating Crude Oil

(Unit 9 – Hydrocarbons – Grade 10 – Chemistry – FBISE / NBF)

9.5 Fossil Fuels

Definition: Fossil fuels are carbon-rich energy sources formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals buried under high pressure and temperature for millions of years.

Main Types:

Coal (solid): Used in industries, electricity generation.

Petroleum / Crude oil (liquid): Source of many fuels and chemicals.

Natural Gas (gas): Mostly methane (CH₄), cleanest burning fossil fuel.

Importance:

Provide energy for transport, power, cooking, and industry.

Used as raw materials for plastics, fertilizers, and medicines.

Disadvantages:

Non-renewable (limited supply).

Cause air pollution (CO₂, SO₂, CO, NOx).

Contribute to global warming and climate change.

Need for alternatives: Renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro, biofuels).

9.6 Separating Crude Oil (Fractional Distillation)

Crude Oil: A complex mixture of hydrocarbons of different chain lengths and boiling points.

Separation Method: Fractional Distillation in a fractionating tower.

Process:

Crude oil is heated in a furnace until it vaporizes.

Vapors enter the fractionating column (tower).

Different hydrocarbons condense at different heights according to their boiling points.

Products (fractions) are collected separately.

Main Fractions (from top to bottom):

Refinery gases (LPG: butane, propane).

Petrol (gasoline).

Naphtha (used for making chemicals).

Kerosene (jet fuel).

Diesel oil.

Lubricating oil, waxes.

Residue: bitumen, asphalt.

Importance: This process makes crude oil useful by separating it into products for transport, heating, industry, and energy.

30 Hashtags

#FossilFuels #Coal #Petroleum #CrudeOil #NaturalGas #Hydrocarbons #FractionalDistillation #SeparatingCrudeOil #RefiningPetroleum #EnergySources #SaturatedHydrocarbons #NonRenewable #RenewableEnergy #GlobalWarming #ClimateChange #AirPollution #Combustion #Fractions #RefineryGases #Petrol #Naphtha #Kerosene #Diesel #LubricatingOil #Bitumen #ChemistryNotes #Unit9 #Class10Chemistry #FBISE #NBF

Видео 9.5FOSSIL FUELS|9.6SEPERATING CRUDE OIL| HYDROCARBONS| UNIT:9| GRADE:10|CHEMISTRY|FBISE|NBF канала Indepth Knowledge